Buying a house in France is a very well-regulated exercise. However, there are some points worth noting before beginning the process.

Tips for buying a house in France

• The process becomes legally binding quickly, so expats shouldn't rush into signing anything.

• Bear in mind that the fees associated with buying a house are high. These can include agent's fees, lawyer's fees and even stamp duty. For a second-hand property, one can usually add on an estimated 15 percent of the asking price for these hidden costs.

• Homebuyers' surveys are not normally carried out. Expats who are concerned about this can usually find English-speaking surveyors working in France through the internet. Unfortunately, many English speakers are not familiar with French architecture and building methods and are not always the best options to survey a property.

• Expats should not expect state-of-the-art appliances, floor layouts, or conveniences. Part of the charm of traditional French buildings is their age, and this generally applies to the kitchens and plumbing as well.

How and where to buy property in France

Expats who wish to begin their property search in France from abroad will be able to either appoint an agent or research accommodation options on the internet. One advantage of using an agent is that they can often speak both English and French, and will be able to guide expats through each step of the process.

Foreigners already in France will be able to purchase property through a notary or an estate agent. It is recommended that expats check that all intermediary agents are members of a professional body such as FNAIM, SNPI or UNPI. Expats should also keep in mind that the properties presented to them will usually be properties aimed at foreigners and may be relatively more expensive.

Buying property in Paris and other cities

Buying a property in Paris or another city is somewhat different from the rest of France. Expats should walk the streets to find an area they like, then hunt down some agencies that look promising. Listings and estate agents can be found in various magazines, newspapers and on the internet. There is relatively little new construction in Paris, and expats will most likely be looking to purchase an apartment rather than a formal house.

Listings are posted as À Louer (For Rent) and À Vendre (To Buy). They will also indicate which arrondissement the property is in. Perhaps most importantly, they will state the size in square meters and the number of rooms. Most apartments in Paris are small. Studios are 100 to 200 square feet (9.5–19 m²), some smaller. Three-bedroom apartments are frequently under 1,000 square feet (93 m²).

American expats in France should bear in mind that the French follow the European convention of counting the first floor as the ground floor (Rez-de-Chauseé or RdC); the second floor in American terminology would be the first floor in Europe. Generally speaking, the higher the floor, the more expensive the property.

More often than not, an apartment is sold with an empty kitchen. There are stores that will help design and install a customised kitchen, ranging from pre-fabricated cabinets at IKEA to a kitchen created by cuisinistes. It’s worthwhile to get at least three estimates and to collect references from friends, colleagues and acquaintances.

It is also important for expats to decide whether to purchase a car. Parking in Paris is difficult, and having a parking spot can greatly increase the resale value of a property.

Buying land in France

French land prices are generally quite expensive, particularly in agricultural or wine-growing regions. Buying land can often be more complicated than buying a house, as the French tend to be attached to their land, and sometimes there are rights of way and other precedents pertaining to the use of land which have never been recorded, but which are legally binding nevertheless.

Prices of property in France

In France, there is a local market which is quite separate from the formal market. Many local properties, especially in the countryside, are not advertised in any other way than having a homemade sign nailed to a fence. Only a small percentage of property sales in France occur with the help of agents, and the rest are usually directly between buyer and seller.

Making the purchase

By law, the notaire is the only person permitted to handle conveyancing in France. The notaire does not represent any one party's interest and is merely engaged to ensure that the transaction is carried out in the correct legal manner. Therefore, it is common that the same notaire handles both the vendor's and the buyer's transactions for a fee that is usually between 2 and 8 percent of the property price.

Making an offer – Compromis de Vente

Once an expat has found a property and is interested in making an offer, they should ask to see the plans for the property and its land. These are held by the local mairie, or prefecture, and are known as the plan cadastres.

Once a verbal offer has been made and accepted by the estate agent and the vendor, a preliminary contract known as the Compromis de Vente is drawn up. Although it is only the preliminary contract, it is legally binding, and therefore expats should ensure that all verbal agreements are included in writing. The contract usually contains the following:

• The personal details of the buyer and seller

• A description of the property

• The price

• The date by which completion must take place

• Clauses suspensives

The deposit, stamp duty and registration fees are paid at this point. The usual amount expected for a deposit is 10 percent, but it may be possible to negotiate for less. When purchasing an apartment, buyers automatically become co-owners of the building and will have rights and responsibilities pertaining to its upkeep and regulations.

Clauses suspensives

It is important that all major conditions for purchase are included in the Compromis de Vente as clauses suspensives to avoid penalties if the purchase is not completed. The loss of the deposit is usually the penalty for the buyers if they do not complete the sale. If the seller does not complete, they will normally refund the deposit and pay the same amount again to the buyer as a penalty. In this way, the deposit protects both the buyer and the seller from the other party backing out of the contract.

Cooling-off period

Once both the buyer and seller have signed the compromis there is a seven-day cooling-off period. During this time, the buyer can withdraw from the sale without incurring a penalty, but the seller cannot. Once the cooling-off period is over, the contract becomes legally binding for both parties.

Reports and searches

Once the cooling-off period expires, the notaire begins the process of the searches on the property. These include the land registry, rights to ownership, boundaries and rights of way. In France, the searches do not include investigating private planning applications. As such, expats should always ask to see the plans of the greater area. These are held by the local mairie, or prefecture, and are known as the plan communale.

Lead, asbestos, termites, gas, electricity and energy reports are grouped together in a single report known as the Technical Diagnostic File (Dossier de Diagnostic Technique) or "DDT". The reports are all required by law, and it is the responsibility of the vendor to ensure that up-to-date reports are attached to the Compromis de Vente. Termite reports are only necessary for some areas of France. Property vendors with swimming pools are obliged to commission a report on the safety features of the pool.

Acte de Vente and taking possession

It takes about 12 weeks before the final Acte de Vente is signed. Traditionally, both buyer and seller are present to sign it, but expats who are not yet in the country can arrange a power of attorney. Before taking possession, the final payment will need to be made to the notaire's account.

Vices cachés

Finally, the vendor must disclose any major problems with any parts of the property, such as problems with the pool, if a particular wall is unsound, etc. If after the purchase a major flaw that the vendor did not disclose but must have known about is found, buyers have protection as these are hidden defects, or vice cachés, which are not allowed under French law.

*This is not a comprehensive guide, and expats should take appropriate professional advice before purchasing any property in a foreign country.

Many expats dream of living in France, learning the language of love and embracing a new experience. That said, it's an intimidating process and, though the move may be easier for citizens of the European Union, there are often relocation, immigration and cultural barriers to overcome. This is where relocation businesses come in.

Relocation companies take an individualised approach based on the moving needs of their clients. This full suite of services includes school selections, French culture and language training, home-finding services, lease negotiation and utility hook-ups. After arriving in France, relocation firms also offer neighbourhood orientation and various settling-in services.

Removals companies, on the other hand, offer a more limited range of services that tend to focus on transporting and shipping goods.

Here is a list of some relocation companies that can assist any move to or from France.

Relocation companies in France

Local companies

International companies

	Expat Moving Company With more than 12 years of experience supporting expats making the biggest moves of their lives, Expat Moving Company is a licensed and insured moving business that provides budget-friendly moving, international relocation and diplomatic moving services. They pride themselves in using premium materials, powerful equipment and specialist moving professionals to give their clients peace of mind. Expat Moving Company also offers packing, temporary storage, unpacking and furniture assembly services to ensure a seamless moving process for expats venturing to the Netherlands, France, Germany, Belgium, the UK and Ireland among others.  Website: www.expatmovingcompany.nl
	Sanelo With 130 years of experience, Sanelo specialises in providing customised end-to-end domestic and international moving and relocation services. Clients get five-star protection and coverage, first-rate packing, and expert guidance on their move to France, all through a single point of contact. With 69 offices in 38 countries, Sanelo moves 35,000 international customers each year. Website: www.sanelo.com
	Crown Relocations Crown Relocations provides transportation, destination and immigration services, as well as family support, including school search and pet relocation, to assist people relocating internationally. With experts working in France, and many other countries worldwide, they provide the support, guidance, care and the personal attention needed to ensure a successful and seamless move. Website: www.crownrelo.com
	Santa Fe Relocation Santa Fe Relocation has over 50 years of experience providing comprehensive relocation services to both corporate and individual clients relocating to France. As an international firm, Santa Fe Relocation has a strong understanding of what is required in a move and caters for a full spectrum of needs. Website: www.santaferelo.com

Expats living in France will find that climate patterns are highly variable depending on their location. Generally speaking, though, expats can look forward to a climate that is temperate and agreeable.

The weather in France can range from warm summers on the southern coast to wet, snowy winters in the Alpine area. Expats should closely investigate the particularities of their region before drawing conclusions about its climate.

In north and northwestern France, rain occurs throughout the year. Winters are moderate, and summers are warm but not excessively hot.

Southwestern and Mediterranean France have the most attractive weather patterns for expats. Sunshine is plentiful, summers are hot and winters are mild. Rainfall is predominantly associated with summer thunderstorms. Expats need only prepare themselves for the occasional cold wind which blows for short periods during spring.

Central and eastern France have a continental climate characterised by cold, harsh winters and warm summers. Snow is more likely to fall here than in other regions of France, with the exception of the Alpine region.

The mountainous regions of France march to the beat of their own meteorological drum. Expats can expect these areas to be the wettest and coldest in the country. In this region, snow falls between three and six months of the year.

On the whole, rainfall in France is moderate and occurs throughout the year, though nowhere near as much as in neighbouring countries like Belgium. Transitions between the seasons in France are distinct, and expats can look forward to uniquely seasonal weather in spring, summer, winter and autumn.

Missing friends and family back home is an often inevitable downside of leading an adventurous expat life. Expats heading to France can rest assured that they’ll be able to keep in touch with ease thanks to the country’s strong communications infrastructure.

Internet providers in France

Most internet providers in France offer a consolidated package of internet, cable services for television and a phone contract. These services are provided with a box that can be used both for internet and for television streaming. The prices and quality of services vary but these deals are generally considered to be good value for money.

In the past, there were three providers that had a monopoly on the market – namely Orange, SFR and Bouygues Telecom. Since 2012, independent provider Free Mobile has created some competition in the market with competitively priced tariffs.

Mobile phones in France

A standard mobile package contract will include 3G or 4G internet access on the phone and unlimited calls to landlines in France. Most will also include free calls to other European countries, either for a certain number of minutes per month or on an unlimited basis. To sign up for a contract, expats will usually need their passport and proof of residence. There are also options for prepaid packages where a SIM card is loaded with the required amount as needed.

As in the internet market, Free Mobile has also had a noticeable effect on the mobile phone market. Their basic mobile package is available for a low price but has limited call time. The problem with this obviously tempting package is that in some areas mobile reception is not always available. Expats should try to find out whether their phone picks up a strong signal in their local area before signing up.

Postal services in France

France's postal service, La Poste, is reliable and efficient. This may come as a surprise to many expats, as it is an entirely state-owned organisation which also offers a full array of banking services. But with this efficiency comes a price and although it is an affordable service within France, international delivery can be expensive. 

English-language media in France

France has several free public television stations, but cable will be essential for watching English-language television or channels from home. Expats should note that most programmes on television in France are dubbed to French, including popular shows from the US. France24 is the only public channel that is not broadcast exclusively in French. It is a worldwide news channel offered in English, French and Arabic.

Satellite television is available through shared or individual satellite dishes, and is less common in the big cities. Expats purchasing a television in France should be aware that there is a mandatory fee for a television license (redevance audiovisuelle) to be paid annually.

There are a few English-language newspapers available in France, such as The Connexion, a monthly newspaper run by France's expat community. The international edition of the New York Times is also based in France, while The Local is an English-language online news publisher servicing several countries with local editions, including France.

Expats moving to France will find plenty of reasonably priced, comfortable housing options. The standard of accommodation in France is similar to other Western European countries, with comfortable but small living quarters dominating the housing market.

Housing in France varies from studio apartments and condos to cottages, farmhouses and even châteaux. It is generally best for expats to know well in advance the type of accommodation they're in the market for. 

Types of accommodation in France

The type of accommodation available in France depends largely on the region. Most cities offer apartments and studios, while as one travels further from the cities, iconic French châteaux, farm cottages and stone houses are more readily available.

Expats should be aware that unfurnished accommodation in France, as opposed to many other destinations, does not usually include any white-label appliances such as refrigerators or washing machines. Air conditioning is not a common feature, except in the south of the country, while an adequate heating system is essential for the country’s cold winters.

While shipping furniture to France is a viable option, expats can rest assured that they won't have much difficulty finding furniture after arriving in the country. Paris in particular is wonderfully shopper-friendly, boasting a famous range of second-hand and antique stores, as well as a number of modern superstores. 

Some of the types of accommodation available in France include:

Apartments

By far the most common type of accommodation in French cities, apartments are usually rented out on a monthly basis. They vary in size from small studio apartments to sprawling high-end condos, with an equally vast range in price.

Cottages

Cottages are more common in the rural areas of France. These are usually for sale, but some are rented out on a short-term basis for holidaymakers, especially near the coastal regions in the south of France. Cottages in rural France are also frequently available as renovation projects. These can be bought for a low price but are usually in need of considerable restoration.

Cottages vary considerably in price depending on their condition, location and size. They can be suitable for expat families planning to live in France for a long period of time or those who want to avoid the fast pace of city life.

Châteaux

Expats with a slightly larger budget may consider buying or renting a stunning château, many of which have rich histories dating back to the Middle Ages. Most have been renovated over the years and have all the amenities expected of a modern home.

Finding accommodation in France

Besides scouring online property sites and social networks, one of the best ways for expats in France to find accommodation is through the classifieds in various print and online publications. These adverts often include a time and date for interested parties to view the property.

Expats may find it difficult to secure accommodation in France before moving to the country, as most landlords and property owners prefer doing business with people they've met. It is usually also best to see the property in person before committing to a lease.

For these reasons, another way to find accommodation in France is networking. Due to extremely high competition among potential tenants, some of the best properties available may not be advertised publicly. Expats are advised to make connections and ask around to find out if anyone in their social circle may know of something.

Expats who don’t mind the extra fees or don't want to deal directly with a landlord can always use a real estate agency. This option is good for expats who are in a rush and don’t have time to browse the market themselves. 

Renting accommodation in France

Most expats will probably decide to rent property in France. Expats will find that housing costs are mainly determined by location. The golden rule is that the closer the accommodation is to the city centre, the higher the rent will be. As a result, it is not uncommon for expats to seek accommodation in slightly outlying districts of French cities. These areas often offer bigger properties that are in better shape and boast more creature comforts, like air conditioning and double glazing, than anything available in the downtown areas.

Furnished vs unfurnished properties

Both furnished and unfurnished accommodation is available in France. Furnished options are inevitably more expensive and more likely to be available for short-term rental. Unfurnished accommodation rarely includes appliances such as a fridge or stove. It is always important to take a full inventory of the apartment's condition on arrival. This not only simplifies matters for both tenant and landlord but also demonstrates responsibility.

Making an application

Expats seeking accommodation in French cities will need to act swiftly once they find a place because of the intense competition and demand in the city, with listings sometimes being taken down minutes after going up.

A good impression with a prospective landlord can be the difference between signing a lease and having to continue the search, especially when there are dozens of other eager candidates. Expats should come prepared with all the necessary documents so that they can get the ball rolling as swiftly as possible.

Leases

Standard leases in France are generally for 12 months. It is possible to negotiate shorter leases directly with the landlord but most property owners are reluctant to do so.

The law in France mostly favours the tenant, meaning that eviction or raising the rent can be a difficult task for a landlord. A letter must be sent to the tenant at least six months prior to a rental increase, informing them of the landlord’s intentions. The landlord also has to show that the rental increase is in line with the market value of the property.

Utilities

When signing a lease, expats should be sure to read the paperwork carefully in order to understand what is included in the rental price. Tenants are usually responsible for paying their own utility bills, but in the case of short-term rentals, these could be included.

French law also requires tenants living in apartment buildings to take out inexpensive rental insurance to protect against theft, fire and damage to the communal areas. The local town hall can provide more information on what this involves.

Deposits

The deposit for an apartment is usually one month's rent, with the expectation that the tenants will provide two months' rent in advance in addition to this. Tenants wanting to move out must provide at least three months’ notice to the landlord, but a clause can be added to the lease to shorten this requirement. If the inventory shows no damage upon the departure of the tenant, the full deposit should be returned.

Expats moving to France can have a difficult time anticipating what day-to-day life in French society is like. Read on to learn about diversity and inclusion in France.

Accessibility in France

Although some of the country’s most picturesque aspects, such as its historical architecture and cobblestone streets, can be difficult to traverse for those with mobility and sight impairments, major efforts have been made to make France more accessible, especially Paris. Most of the attractions in Paris have been made wheelchair accessible, and Paris-Charles de Gaulle is considered one of Europe’s most disability-friendly airports.
Throughout France, buses and trams are the most accessible forms of transport. Most buses have electronic ramps and lowered floors for ease of access, while trams are designed to be level with station platforms, allowing passengers a smooth entry and exit.

Further reading

www.wheelchairtravel.org/paris

LGBTQ+ in France

France has been praised for its progressive stance towards LGBTQ+ rights. Homosexuality has been legal since the late 18th century, while in 2013, France became the 13th country in the world to legalise same-sex marriage, including provisions for same-sex couples to adopt. In 2017, laws were passed to allow transgender individuals to change their legal gender without the requirement of surgery or medical diagnosis. As of early 2022, France is one of just a few countries worldwide to ban conversion therapy.

Paris is considered one of the most LGBTQ+ friendly cities in the world. Le Marais in particular is the centre point of the city’s thriving LGBTQ+ community. Paris Pride, held annually in June, is the country’s biggest LGBTQ+ celebration, drawing half a million attendees each year. Smaller pride parades are held around the country as well, such as in Lille, Nice, Lyon and Marseille.

Further reading

www.autrecercle.org
www.sos-homophobie.org
www.feministspectrum.org

Gender equality in France

The French constitution ensures that all citizens enjoy equal rights, and French women's equality of access to the freedoms of their society is among the highest in the world. France even advocates for women across the globe with its 3rd International Strategy for Gender Equality. That said, there are some holdovers of traditional gender roles in France. These include the idea that women should dress and act in a feminine way and the assumption that women stay home and men work. These traditional roles can still be seen in the gender pay gap and an uneven distribution of household chores and childcare, though most families nowadays are dual-income and these gender roles have become much less pronounced.

The EU's European Institute for Gender Equality (EIGE) scores France at 75.1 out of an ideal 100, similar to Finland and Spain. This places France in the top five in the EU as an exemplary country for gender equality.
The gender pay gap in France is contracting and France currently places 15th in the World Economic Forum's 2022 Global Gender Gap Report, with the gender wage gap being 12 percent. This disparity comes largely from a difference in specialisations, with women accounting for most of the workforce in the lower-paid healthcare and social work industries.

In France, expectant mothers are usually afforded 16 to 26 weeks of maternity leave, well above the UN's International Labour Organization's recommended 14 weeks. Fathers have 25 days of leave, usually directly after their children's birth, or 32 days in the case of a multiple birth.

Useful resources

www.eige.europa.eu
www.afd.fr

Women in leadership in France

As a highly developed democracy, France's representation of women in leadership is generally excellent. Since the implementation of the landmark Copé Zimmerman law in 2011, France has made significant strides in boosting the number of women in corporate leadership roles and it now boasts an impressive 44 percent representation of women on boards. This is the highest in the world, followed by Italy and the UK (40 percent), while countries such as Sweden (36 percent) and Germany (31 percent) lag behind.

While women enjoy many freedoms in France, the general representation of their voices in work and politics is an area for improvement for the country. Though women’s representation in parliament has fallen, France has continued to lead Europe in the fight for gender equity, with only 35 percent of Germany and the UK’s parliamentary seats occupied by women in comparison to 37 percent in France.

The French government is further making inroads towards reducing gender disparities and making women's voices heard. France introduced an Act in 2022 setting gender quotas for large corporations to achieve by 2026 to increase the representation of women in executive roles. This legislation aims to ascertain that the number of women in meaningful leadership positions rises by mandating that companies increase diversity in key decision-making roles.

Useful resources

www.clef-femmes.fr
www.pwnparis.net

Mental health awareness in France

Expats can be at greater risk of mental health issues, especially depression and anxiety, exacerbated by stress and loneliness.

Companies are becoming more aware of the impact of mental health issues, and many have adjusted their policies to provide better support. This includes ensuring that mental illness is well covered by the company’s chosen employee healthcare schemes, as well as promoting knowledge and decreasing stigma by holding in-house workshops.

Although France has excellent provisions for physical healthcare, mental healthcare isn’t prioritised and resources are limited. In practice most expats use private healthcare services, though, enabling them to bypass these difficulties. For this reason, we advise that expats ensure that their international health insurance covers access to psychological and psychiatric care.

Further reading

www.icsparis.com
www.paristherapyservices.com
www.counsellinginfrance.com

Unconscious bias training in France

The concept of unconscious bias is an implicit set of often stereotyped ideas an individual carries about groups of people different to themselves. These ideas are not purposefully adopted but rather develop subtly over time, and people tend to hold unconscious biases about groups they never or rarely come into contact with. As a result, they're often inaccurate and based on assumptions.

Unconscious bias can profoundly affect both personal and work conditions. In the workplace, unchecked bias undermines vital aspects of the company, with negative effects on employee performance, retention and recruitment. In a bid to create a better work environment, many companies are beginning to institute unconscious bias training. There are also a number of online resources that can be used to improve self-awareness regarding bias.

Useful resources

implicit.harvard.edu
www.nonprofitready.org/unconscious-bias-training

Diversification of workforce in France

France is a diverse country, home to over 7 million foreigners who make up close to 12 percent of the population. People moving to France are often drawn by its attractive work-life balance and sturdy economy.

Expats can expect to encounter a fairly diverse work environment, and the offices of international firms, particularly in large cities, buzz with a blend of different nationalities and languages. Expats of all ethnicities are generally welcomed, although there is occasionally some prejudice against immigrants from Africa. The French attitude to some foreign customs can vary, for example wearing a veil in public that covers the entire head and face is punishable by law, and there can be discrimination against women who wear hijabs in the workplace.

Studies show that diversification of the workplace is hugely beneficial to companies and employees alike. In recognition of this, many of France’s largest companies are setting up diversity and inclusion programmes, ensuring that a wide variety of people is represented among employees.

Safety in France

France is one of the safest countries in Europe, so expats have little to worry about when it comes to crime here. Petty crimes like theft, mugging and scams do occur occasionally, more often in France’s larger cities, so it’s important to still be vigilant, keep doors locked and not carry too many valuables around. Pickpocketing can occur, especially in areas popular with tourists, and on crowded public transport.

Calendar initiatives in France

4 February – World Cancer Day
28 February – Rare Disease Day
March – TB Awareness Month
17 May – International Day Against Homophobia
19 May – Global Accessibility Awareness Day
June – Pride Month
10 September – World Suicide Prevention Day
October – Breast Cancer Awareness Month
10 October –World Mental Health Day
November – Prostate Cancer Awareness Month
14 November – World Diabetes Day
1 December – World AIDS Day

Contrary to what expats might expect from the country responsible for the expression 'laissez-faire', doing business in France is actually a highly bureaucratic affair. Heavy-handed interventionist policies dating back to World War II have created a particular French business culture that calls for government interaction at almost every level.

Expats should understand that the French are proud of their culture and language. This pride is often reflected in the attitude towards foreigners in France. For this reason, expats who want to succeed in business should make a concerted effort to learn the language and familiarise themselves with local customs and practices before doing business in France.

Fast facts

Business hours

Business hours vary in France, with the standard working day being from 8am and 9am to between 4pm and 5pm. However, with a government-set standard 35-hour work week, many companies are flexible, opting for shorter days or Friday afternoons off.

Business language

French is the primary language in France, though English proficiency is widespread and often used in business.

Dress

Business attire in France is formal, smart and stylish. It's also conservative, not flashy.

Gifts

Gifts are not generally expected between colleagues or business associates in France. Appreciation may be better expressed through the hosting of a dinner or social event. In such social situations, however, a small gift is appropriate as a sign of gratitude.

Gender equality

Women are entitled to equal treatment in France, and frequently occupy high positions in the French business world.

Greetings

A handshake is an appropriate greeting for both men and women. French handshakes are generally brisk and light. Use the formal titles 'Monsieur' and 'Madame' (Mr and Mrs).

Business culture in France

New arrivals may find it difficult to get to grips with business culture in France. On one hand, it can be formal, with adherence to hierarchical business structures and an emphasis on appearance. On the other hand, expats will need to incorporate some level of flexibility when it comes to deadlines and meetings.

The French are passionate people, and this reflects in the local business culture. Spirited debates are common. Expat businesspeople are expected to be able to intellectually defend their positions. While arguments may be emotional, logic usually holds the most weight with French businesspeople.

Hierarchy

Business culture in France is particularly hierarchical, with policy and vision conceived by upper management and carried out by junior employees. Socialising across hierarchical lines is unusual. Most senior managers in French companies hail from the elite Grandes Écoles schools and share a respect for intellectualism.

Appearance

Expats may need to give their wardrobe some attention before delving into the business world, as appearance is important in France. Business dress is typically stylish and conservative. Dark suits are appropriate, and clothes should be of good quality. Even occasions specified as informal will require tastefully coordinated dress, including a jacket for men.

Flexibility

French businesspeople are casual about punctuality, and it's not unusual for business associates to be 10 to 15 minutes late to a meeting. Similarly, deadlines may be considered negotiable unless otherwise stated.

Titles

When addressing a French businessperson, always use the appropriate formal title like 'Monsieur' and 'Madame' unless told otherwise.

Dos and don'ts of business in France

• Do dress stylishly and wear quality business attire

• Don't make exaggerated claims

• Do ensure that written communications are grammatically correct

• Do expect to defend your ideas intellectually

Early History

• The first human settlements in the area that is now France date back to the Paleolithic era.
• The Celtic Gauls inhabited France before it was conquered by the Roman Empire in the 1st century BC.
• France became known as Gaul during Roman rule and was one of the empire's most prosperous provinces.

The Middle Ages

• In the 5th century AD, the Franks, a Germanic tribe, conquered Gaul and established the Merovingian dynasty.
• Charlemagne, a Frankish king, expanded the Frankish Empire to include much of Western Europe in the 8th and 9th centuries.
• After Charlemagne's death, the Frankish Empire was split into several smaller kingdoms, including France.
• The Capetian dynasty, founded by Hugh Capet, ruled France from 987 to 1328.

14th Century

• The Hundred Years' War, which began in 1337, saw conflict between England and France over territorial disputes and the English crown's claim to the French throne. The war saw a number of significant battles, including the Battle of Crécy in 1346 and the Battle of Poitiers in 1356.
• The reign of King Philip VI, who ruled from 1328 to 1350, saw the beginning of the Hundred Years' War and the French defeat at the Battle of Crécy.
• The reign of King John II, who ruled from 1350 to 1364, saw the French defeat at the Battle of Poitiers and the capture of the king by the English.
• The 14th century in France was also marked by significant religious and social upheaval, including the emergence of the Avignon Papacy, in which the papacy moved from Rome to Avignon, France, and the emergence of the Black Death, which killed an estimated one-third of the population of Europe.
• The Black Death, which arrived in France in 1348, had significant social and economic impacts, including labor shortages and the breakdown of traditional social structures.
• The 14th century in France also saw significant cultural and artistic developments, including the emergence of Gothic architecture and the works of notable French writers such as Christine de Pizan.
• The 14th century in France came to a close with the coronation of Charles V in 1364, who began to restore order and stability to the kingdom after the tumultuous reign of his father, King John II.

15th Century

• The reign of Charles VII, who ruled from 1422 to 1461, saw significant military successes against the English, including the famous victory at the Battle of Orleans in 1429.
• The Hundred Years' War was finally ended in 1453, with the French emerging victorious and regaining control of most of their territories.
• The reign of Louis XI, who ruled from 1461 to 1483, was marked by significant centralisation of power, including the establishment of a standing army and the suppression of regional nobles.
• The 15th century in France also saw significant cultural and intellectual developments, including the emergence of the Renaissance, which saw the revival of classical learning and artistic expression.
• The French court became a center of artistic patronage, with notable figures such as King Charles VII's mistress, Agnès Sorel, and King Louis XI's sister, Anne of France, supporting the arts and commissioning works of art.
• The emergence of the printing press in the 15th century also helped to spread knowledge and ideas, leading to the development of a more literate and educated population in France.
• The 15th century in France came to a close with the death of King Charles VIII in 1498, paving the way for the emergence of the powerful and influential Valois dynasty in the following century.

16th Century

• The 16th century in France was marked by significant political, social, and religious changes, including the reigns of three monarchs - Francis I, Henry II, and Henry III.
• Francis I, who ruled from 1515 to 1547, pursued territorial expansion and patronised the arts and sciences, but also faced significant military setbacks, including defeats in Italy and the loss of territories to the Holy Roman Empire.
• The reign of Henry II (1547-1559) was marked by significant religious conflict, as Protestantism began to gain support in France, leading to the outbreak of the Wars of Religion.
• The Wars of Religion, which lasted from 1562 to 1598, saw conflict between Catholics and Protestants, and led to significant social and political upheaval, including the St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre in 1572, which saw thousands of Protestants killed in Paris.
• Henry III, who ruled from 1574 to 1589, faced significant opposition from both Catholics and Protestants, and was assassinated by a Catholic monk in 1589.
• The reign of Henry IV, who succeeded Henry III, was marked by the Edict of Nantes in 1598, which granted religious toleration to Protestants and helped to end the Wars of Religion.
• The 16th century in France also saw significant cultural and intellectual developments, including the growth of humanism and the Renaissance, and the emergence of notable figures such as Michel de Montaigne and Pierre de Ronsard.
• France also pursued territorial expansion in the 16th century, including the colonisation of North America and the establishment of trading posts in India.
• The 16th century in France came to a close with the death of Henry IV in 1610, paving the way for the Bourbon dynasty to take power in the following century.

17th Century, the Age of Louis XIV

• The 17th century in France is known as the Age of Louis XIV, due to the long and influential reign of King Louis XIV, which lasted from 1643 until his death in 1715.
• Louis XIV was a centralising monarch who sought to strengthen the power of the French state, leading to the growth of an absolute monarchy and the centralisation of political power in the king's hands.
• France experienced a series of wars in the 17th century, including the Thirty Years' War (1618-1648), which saw France supporting Protestant states against Catholic Habsburgs, and the Franco-Dutch War (1672-1678), which was fought against the Dutch Republic.
• France also expanded its overseas territories in the 17th century, establishing colonies in North America, the Caribbean, and India.
• France saw significant cultural and intellectual development in the 17th century, with the rise of the French Academy, the establishment of the Académie française, and the growth of the arts, including the Baroque and Rococo styles.
• The reign of Louis XIV was marked by significant social and economic changes, including the development of a court culture centered on Versailles, the expansion of trade and commerce, and the growth of industry.
• However, Louis XIV's reign was also marked by social and economic inequality, including the continued existence of feudal privileges and the exploitation of the poor.
• The end of the 17th century saw France facing significant political, social, and economic challenges, including the revocation of the Edict of Nantes in 1685, which led to the persecution of Protestants, and the emergence of financial crises, which contributed to the decline of the French state in the 18th century.

18th Century

• The 18th century in France was marked by significant social, economic, and political changes, as well as the rise of the Enlightenment movement and the French Revolution.
• The reign of Louis XV (1715-1774) saw significant economic development, including the growth of trade and commerce, as well as social changes, such as the spread of literacy and the emergence of a public sphere.
• The Enlightenment movement, which emphasised reason, science, and individual rights, gained significant influence in France in the 18th century, with notable figures including Voltaire, Jean-Jacques Rousseau, and Montesquieu.
• The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a major turning point in French and European history, leading to the overthrow of the Bourbon monarchy, the establishment of a republic, and significant social and political changes, including the adoption of a new legal code and the end of feudalism.
• The French Revolution was marked by significant violence, including the Reign of Terror, which saw thousands of people executed by the revolutionary government.
• Napoleon Bonaparte emerged as a prominent figure during the French Revolution and later established himself as the emperor of France, expanding French territories and implementing significant reforms in law, education, and administration.

19th Century

• Napoleon's rule came to an end with his defeat in the Napoleonic Wars, which led to the restoration of the Bourbon monarchy in 1814, but also saw the spread of revolutionary and nationalist ideas throughout Europe.
• In the aftermath of the Napoleonic Wars, France underwent a period of political instability, including the July Revolution of 1830, which led to the establishment of a constitutional monarchy under King Louis-Philippe.
• The mid-19th century in France was marked by significant social and economic changes, including the rise of industrialisation and the emergence of socialism as a political force.
• The late 19th century in France saw a resurgence of nationalism and imperialist expansion, including the colonisation of territories in Africa and Asia.

20th Century

• World War I, which began in 1914, saw France engage in conflict with Germany and the Central Powers. The war had significant impacts on France, including the loss of hundreds of thousands of lives and significant economic and social disruptions.
• In the aftermath of World War I, France played a leading role in the establishment of the League of Nations, a precursor to the United Nations.
• World War II, which began in 1939, saw France once again engage in conflict with Germany, culminating in the occupation of France by German forces from 1940 to 1944.
• The post-World War II period in France was marked by significant economic and social changes, including the reconstruction of the country and the establishment of the welfare state.
• France played a leading role in the establishment of the European Union in the aftermath of World War II and remains an influential member of the organisation.

Recent History

• François Mitterrand was elected president in 1981, marking the first socialist president in France's Fifth Republic.
• Mitterrand pursued social and economic reforms, including the implementation of the 35-hour work week and the nationalisation of certain industries.
• The 1990s saw the rise of the far-right National Front party under the leadership of Jean-Marie Le Pen, which gained significant support in some regions of France.
• In the early 2000s, France experienced a period of economic stagnation, high unemployment, and social unrest, particularly among young people in marginalised communities.
• In 2002, Le Pen made it to the second round of the presidential election, but was soundly defeated by Jacques Chirac.
• In 2005, France rejected a proposed European Union constitution in a referendum, which was seen as a rebuke to the political establishment and the beginning of a rise in Euroscepticism.
• Nicolas Sarkozy was elected president in 2007, promising economic and social reforms, but his presidency was marked by controversy and protests, particularly over his immigration policies.
• In 2012, François Hollande was elected president, promising to address France's economic problems and reduce inequality, but his presidency was marked by low approval ratings and criticism over his handling of security issues.
• In recent years, France has experienced a rise in populism and right wing sentiment, particularly in response to immigration and terrorism.
• The presidency of Emmanuel Macron, who was elected in 2017, has been marked by attempts to reform the economy and labor market, as well as protests and opposition from various groups, including the Yellow Vest movement.

The education system in France may be more complicated than most expats are accustomed to, but it's generally of a high standard. There are a variety of school types in France, including public, private, bilingual and international schools. Parents will need to consider the language barrier, cost and curriculum before deciding which type of institution will be best for their children.

Public schools in France

Education in France is highly centralised, with most public and private schools following the national curriculum mandated by the Ministry of Education. Public school in France is free for citizens and those who can show proof of residence in the form of a signed lease or a utility bill. Public school attendance is based on catchment areas.

School attendance is compulsory for students between six and 16, but parents often enrol their children in a maternelle (kindergarten) from the age of two. Children generally spend two or three years at this level before advancing.

Many expat parents choose to send their younger children to their local nursery school, as it's practical and free of charge. Children of this age tend to overcome the language barrier quickly and, as there are few formal educational demands, the difficulties of reading and writing in French are irrelevant.

As in most destinations, schooling standards can vary immensely from one neighbourhood or city to the next. Certain public schools in France run a curriculum geared towards teaching French to non-Francophone students, known as a Section Internationale, to eventually integrate these students into the French system. Few primary schools offer this programme. It's largely reserved for middle and high schools in France's large cities. 

Private schools in France

Private schools in France are either state sponsored or privately funded. These tend to afford smaller class sizes, more individualised instruction, better facilities and improved access to teachers. Most private schools in France are Catholic, meaning that the curriculum incorporates a faith-based value system.

Expats should note that state-sponsored private schools have a better reputation than their privately funded counterparts.

French is the primary teaching language in most private schools, but expats will find that there are more bilingual options in this category than in public schooling. Private schools are also more likely to make an effort to hold special classes for non-Francophone students. Parent associations tend to be stronger and more prevalent in private schools.

Admission requirements and tuition fees of private schools in France may vary considerably. Proof of residence is not usually required, but some schools may request previous school records and entrance exams. Tuition for state-sponsored schools is generally significantly less than that of privately funded schools.

International schools in France

There are many international schools in France, though most are located in large commercial centres such as Paris. These schools generally either uphold the teaching language and curriculum of an expat's home country, or subscribe to the International Baccalaureate curriculum and teach in English.

Turnover rates for both teachers and students tend to be high in international schools in France, though this is largely the result of expat families not living in a country for more than a few years at a time.

While educational standards and school sizes tend to vary, high tuition fees are common. Nevertheless, international schools in France are ideal for expat families who would like to maintain consistency in their child's education, who plan to stay in France for a short time, or who have high-school-aged children looking to attend university in their home country.

Special-needs education in France

France has fairly adequate infrastructure in place to support children with special needs. Both public and private schools in France try to cater for the needs of students with special needs through the use of specialist teaching assistants. The Maison Départmenetale des Personnes Handicapeés (MDPH) is the organisation charged with evaluating a child's special needs and work with the Commission des Droits et de l'Autonomie des Personnes Handicapeés (CDAPH) to create a personalised learning plan.

When it isn’t possible for a special-needs student to adjust to a mainstream school, the options include special schools or private tutors. The availability of additional staff and facilities to accommodate special-needs students often depends on the school as well as the area in which it's located. Expat parents are most likely to find this type of support at schools in major French cities.

Tutors in France

The private tutoring market in France is booming. Generally speaking, most private tutors offer one-on-one sessions with students, but there are also some who offer small group tutoring sessions. With the rise of tutoring agencies, the industry in France is now more regulated, and by working through reputable agencies parents can rest assured that tutors are suitably qualified.

There are lots of tutors that are qualified to tutor the French curriculum and the International Baccalaureate, but there are smaller numbers available to tutor other curricula such as the British or French curriculum.

Expats looking to relocate to France in the long term typically get a French language tutor to improve their children’s language abilities at a faster rate. Naturally, French tutors are available in abundance, but it's worth vetting their qualifications to see if they are certified teachers or simply native speakers of the language. Expat students who require extra assistance on a particular subject can also look at tutors that are subject-matter experts rather than those that follow a particular curriculum.

Parents will find that inquiring at their children’s schools and networking with other expat parents may be a good starting point for sourcing good private tutors. Axiom Academic is a global tutoring database that offers access to several tutors throughout France.

While relocating to France may be the opportunity of a lifetime, living in the land of cheese and wine comes with drawbacks as well as benefits.

Here are a few of our pros and cons of moving to France. 

Accommodation in France

The biggest decision expats moving to France will need to make is whether to live in the countryside or in the city. The countryside offers large areas of land, community living and more spacious homes. City living means that public transportation is always close at hand, as are schools, shopping, hospitals and more.

+ PRO: Plenty of choice

Expats should find plenty of accommodation options no matter where in France they are. Most real estate agencies have property listings displayed in their windows and on their websites. Some estate agents might not be fluent in English, but they will do their best to communicate and find suitable options.

Alternatively, a simple internet search can provide listings of available apartments, houses or room-share options. Many French websites offer a translated English version. Some bed-and-breakfasts and holiday rentals also offer long-term stays, which are helpful while looking for permanent residence.

- CON: Older housing

Most apartments and houses in France are very old. While charming, they can lack proper insulation, have small rooms and contain only one bathroom. It’s not uncommon to find apartments or houses without light fixtures or kitchen appliances. Although some places will offer furnished kitchens and up-to-date features, these are more expensive and harder to find.

- CON: Housing tax

All tenants living in a property must pay an annual French residence tax (taxe d’habitation), the amount of which depends on the area.

Lifestyle in France

+ PRO: Slower pace of life

The French generally enjoy one- to two-hour lunches every day, as well as ample coffee breaks. Most stores close during lunch, between 6pm and 7pm in the evening, and all day on Sunday. While this can be frustrating for expats used to living a fast-paced life, it doesn’t take long to adjust to the slower rhythm. Great importance is placed on family, and new arrivals will soon enjoy spending Sundays with their loved ones at home.

- CON: Bureaucracy

Relocating to France involves various admin tasks, such as opening a bank account, changing a driving licence or dealing with visa paperwork.

These and several other tasks come with many requirements and forms. There will often be long lines at government offices, and expats will have no choice but to wait and hope to be seen. The frustration of dealing with French bureaucracy is infamous and, unfortunately, an inevitable part of life in France.

+ PRO: Many paid holidays

France is known for being a country with one of the highest numbers of paid holidays in the world. Schools enjoy a week-long holiday every six or seven weeks, which allows families to enjoy a break together. Expats should keep in mind that most of the country has their holidays during the same period in mid-July, and planning ahead is a necessity.

+ PRO: Accessible and convenient urban transportation

Most cities offer a comprehensive bus, metro or tram system at reasonable prices. France also has a number of regional airports and train stations to help expats travel within Europe.

Expats relocating to rural France should note that they will likely need a car. A bus may go to a neighbouring city once or twice a day but, for the most part, a vehicle will be required for getting around the French countryside.

+ PRO: Fresh food and great wine

Every big city, small town or country village will have a regular fresh goods market. Most neighbourhoods have a local boulangerie which sells fresh bread as well as a butcher, cheese store or small grocery. France is known for its strict food regulations, which result in an extensive range of fresh and tasty nutritional options.

Of course, good wine is also an integral part of French life. Both lunch and dinner normally include a glass of wine or a bottle shared among friends. Local wineries and grocery stores offer a variety of excellent wines at a range of prices. 

Cost of living in France

- CON: Cost of essentials

Many staples in France, such as fuel, food and clothes, are undeniably expensive. Value-added tax is applied to most goods and services. This tax can add considerable cost to a large purchase, like a car. Rent and home prices can also be quite high, depending on the area. Paris and the south of France are notorious for high rent.

- CON: Cost of transportation

While there are many options for getting around France, they are not all cheap. The TGV, or high-speed train, going in and out of Paris is quite pricey. Toll roads throughout France are also expensive, with some roads and bridges costing more than EUR 30 for a single trip.

Education and childcare in France

+ PRO: Great school schedule

Most schools in France start between 8.30am and 9am and end between 4.30pm and 5pm, and have 90-minute to two-hour lunches.

- CON: Cost and availability of childcare

There are many childcare options in France, but these can be costly. The most common form of care is a nursery, which usually offers full-time and part-time care. That said, nurseries across France normally have considerably long waiting lists and most people suggest registering soon after falling pregnant. Alternatively, expats may want to consider an assistant maternelle, a state-licensed caregiver that accepts up to four children in her home. These tend to be expensive, though, and costs can change at any time.

France has one of the densest road and railway networks in Europe. The country boasts some of the fastest high-speed trains in the world, making travelling cross-country a breeze, while most of France’s cities also have tram lines which make getting around fast and simple.

Public transport in France

Trains

Trains link all major cities in France with each other, as well as many other destinations in Europe, and the rail system is dense and highly centralised. The public transport system in France is operated by Régie Autonome des Transports Parisiens (Autonomous Operator of Parisian Transports). The main train stations in Paris are Gare du Nord, Gare de l'Est, Gare de Lyon, Gare d'Austerlitz and Gare Montparnasse, all of which can be reached via the metro.

The Train à Grande Vitesse (TGV) is France’s high-speed rail network which connects all its major cities. The TGV travels at high speeds, so journeys between cities on opposite sides of the country are only between one and three hours long.

A France Pass is available to those wanting to use the TGV and local trains frequently. This pass allows travellers to hop on and off trains and travel to many destinations with just one ticket. Travellers can also use the Transport Express Regional (TER) to travel short distances around France.

Trains can also be used to travel to neighbouring countries such as Germany, Spain, Switzerland and Italy.

Eurotunnel

Opened in 1994, the Eurotunnel links France and England via a dry-land tunnel under the English Channel. High-speed trains transport cars, buses and passengers underneath the ocean. The shuttle runs every day of the year, and departures are frequent.

Buses

Buses in France are more affordable than trains, but are slower and less luxurious. While most cities have urban bus routes, intercity buses are limited. France does not have a long-distance coach network, making trains the only option apart from driving. Buses are more frequent in rural areas, such as Brittany and Normandy, where there are few train lines.

Metro

The Paris Metro system is comprehensive and is the easiest way to get around the city. It's fast, reliable and relatively easy to navigate.

Taxis in France

Taxis in French cities are relatively cheap and can be hailed from the street if the sign on their roof is lit. Expats can also call a nearby taxi station and book one ahead of time, but should be aware that the meter typically runs from the moment the driver departs to meet them. Riders who do not speak French may find it helpful to have their destination written down for the driver.

Ridesharing services such as Uber are also available in the country. For expats who can't speak French, this may be the preferred option because the app takes care of communication.

Driving in France

Highway diving in France is usually a relaxed affair. France has a large network of highways (autoroutes) connecting its cities. Many are toll (peage) roads, except for those around major cities.

EU citizens can drive in France with their national driving licence, while those who are not EU citizens need to apply for an international driving licence. Agreements exist with certain countries and states where an exchange can be done within the first year of legal residency in France. If the licence cannot be exchanged, a full French theory and practical driving exam must be taken.

All expats will also need a certificate of registration (la carte grise) and a certificate of insurance. Expats planning to stay in France for more than six months will need a French driving licence and must have their car inspected. The minimum driving age in France is 18 years.

City driving in France can be more stressful and difficult than highway driving. It is often best to park in a suburban area before entering a city and then use trams, the metro or buses to get around.

Air travel in France

The national carrier is Air France, a full-service international airline that flies to 20 domestic destinations in France. The average flight time between cities in France is only one hour. France's two major international airports – Roissy Charles de Gaulle and Orly – are both in Paris. Bordeaux, Nice and Toulouse also have international airports that service many destinations within Europe.

Many expats dream of moving to France, enticed by visions of long restaurant lunches, people-watching at Parisian cafés, strolls in lavender-scented Provence, sunbathing on the beaches of Nice and being immersed in the cultural riches of art and haute couture.

Living in France as an expat

Expats moving to France for work purposes should prepare themselves accordingly. Although the French are renowned for their 'work to live, not live to work' philosophy, the country claims one of the largest economies in the world and France is a major player within the EU. Expats account for a significant percentage of the workforce in Paris, and businesspeople do value the new skills a foreigner can bring.

There are both up and downsides to expat life in France. The country prides itself on its distinct culture and language, and many expats initially struggle to find their niche and adapt to the social rules that apply to daily life. The language usually proves the most difficult barrier for expats to cross, especially as the French prefer engaging in their local language. That said, most locals have some degree of proficiency in English, and will reciprocate efforts if expats make even the smallest attempt to speak French.

Cost of living in France

The cost of living in France is high, especially in the large urban centres such as Paris, Lyon and Marseille. Expenses decrease considerably the further one goes into the rural countryside, a result of both lower prices and a less extravagant lifestyle. That said, it's possible to enjoy an excellent quality of life on a budget in France. This is especially true in the south of France, as well as in some of the charming provincial villages. 

Expat families and children

Expat families in France will find that there is a wonderful selection of attractions for parents and kids to enjoy together. Indeed, with a range of theme parks, including the super popular Disneyland Paris, as well as a host of other museums and outdoor attractions, France has something for everyone.

There are a variety of school types in France, including public, private, bilingual and international schools. Parents will need to consider the language barrier, cost and curriculum before deciding which type of institution will be best for their children.

Of course, Paris and Lyon are also rightfully celebrated for their fine dining. The two cities vie yearly for the honour of being the top culinary destination in France, with regional delicacies being celebrated and brought to the cities for everyone to try. Expats who let their taste buds do their exploring for them will find themselves immersed in a world of adventure, with plenty of family-friendly options too.

Climate in France

The weather in France can range from warm summers on the southern coast to wet, snowy winters in the Alpine area. Expats should closely investigate the particularities of their region before buying their new wardrobe. Generally speaking, though, new arrivals can look forward to a climate that is temperate and agreeable.

Expats moving to France can count on a slower, more enjoyable pace of living marked by innumerable little joys and challenges that lead to a greater quality of life overall.

Fast Facts

Population: Over 67.5 million

Major religion: Christianity, but largely secular

Capital city: Paris

Legal system: Constitutional republic

Main languages: French is the official language, but English is widely spoken and understood

Time: GMT+1 (GMT+2 from the end of March to the end of October)

Electricity: 230 volts, 50Hz. European two-pin plugs are standard.

Currency: The Euro (EUR), divided into 100 cents

Tipping: 15 percent service charge always included, although tipping for exceptional service is common in the main centres

International dialling code: +33

Emergency numbers: 112 (general emergencies), 15 (specialised emergency medical services), 18 (fire), and 17 (police)

Internet domain: .fr

Drives on the: Right

The banking and tax systems in France are well managed, easily navigable for expats and highly sophisticated. The biggest difficulty foreign nationals may encounter is negotiating the language barrier but even so, English speakers are widespread in the financial sector.

Money in France

As is the case in all EU member states, the official currency in France is the euro (€). One euro is divided into 100 cents.

• Notes: 5 EUR, 10 EUR, 20 EUR, 50 EUR, 100 EUR, 200 EUR and 500 EUR

• Coins: 1 EUR and 2 EUR, and 1, 2, 5, 10, 20, and 50 cents

Large numbers are written with full stops (.), and decimal places are denoted with a comma (,). For example, five million would be written 5.000.000, while 20 euros and ten cents would be written 20,10 EUR.

Most debit and credit cards are accepted in France. ATMs can be found nearly everywhere and generally offer the best exchange rates (transaction charges for international card use can quickly add up).

Otherwise, expats and travellers can exchange cash at bank branches, bureaux de change, and even in post offices, which surprisingly offer highly competitive rates.

Banking in France

Expats will have access to a fair selection of local and international banks in France. All banks in France uphold high service standards and offer modern conveniences like internet and telephone banking. Most have multilingual support staff and, in popular expat areas such as the French Riviera, foreigners will even find local banks that cater specifically to English speakers.

Whether an expat prefers to use a local or an international bank is a decision that depends on their priorities.

Local French banks pay no interest, but there is usually a small monthly charge for maintaining an account. Expats living in France can open either a resident or non-resident account (compte non-résident).

Non-resident accounts are best suited to those living in the country for less than three months, or those who cannot provide proof of employment or a residence permit. These accounts are generally more restrictive than resident accounts and tend to have no overdraft facility. They also often demand a higher initial opening deposit.

Not all bank branches can grant non-resident accounts, so expats will need to find an international branch to do this.

There are three primary types of bank accounts in France:

• Private current accounts (compte courant, compte à vue or compte de depôt) are equivalent to an individually held, standard cheque account. The holder can receive payments, make deposits and authorise withdrawals. No interest is paid on this account.

• Deposit accounts primarily function as savings accounts to store funds not required immediately.

• Joint accounts are an option for couples or those who prefer to manage their finances as a unit.

Banking hours in the urban centres are generally from 8.30am or 9am until 4pm to 5.30pm, Monday to Friday. Banking hours in rural areas may differ.

Chequebooks and debit cards are standard features that come with most French bank accounts and both are readily accepted in France. Post-dated cheques are technically illegal, and bouncing a cheque is also taken very seriously in France, often being equated to fraud.

In France, it is possible to pay recurring bills via automated cheque transfers. To do this, expats simply need the banking details of the party they are paying, known as the RIB (Relevé d'Identité Bancaire – this includes the account number, bank code and sort code). If they would like to have a payment automatically deducted from their account regularly, expats can issue a once-off authorisation for a TIP (Titre Interbancaire de Paiement).

Opening a bank account in France

Opening a bank account in France is simple, but the requirements vary slightly depending on the type of account and which bank is involved.

Opening a non-resident’s bank account in France may require the following documents:

• Proof of identity in the form of a passport or birth certificate

• Proof of residence. Expats can use a utility bill for this.

• An initial deposit which in some cases may be as high as 10,500 EUR

Opening a resident’s bank account in France may require the following:

• Proof of identity. Expats should be able to use their passport or EU identification card.

• Proof of earnings or status. This usually means a work contract, proof of earnings, or student card. If retired, expats may need to provide proof that they can sustain themselves in France.

• Resident status or carte de sejour

Taxes in France

Compulsory deductions for income tax and social security are the norm in the French tax system. Taxes are imposed on those who work, reside and invest in France.

Roughly 20 to 23 percent of a resident's gross income will go into social security deductions. And a further income tax of between five and 45 percent may be imposed on net income. This progressive system is tiered, which means those with a high income will pay significantly more tax than lower-income workers. Those who own property or are self-employed are subject to additional taxes, making starting a business in France an unattractive proposition for most foreigners. Expats must also remember that income tax must be declared separately from social security contributions. It is wise to set aside the expected amount every month so that there is enough cash available to pay the collector when tax is due.

Recovering Value Added Tax (VAT) upon leaving France

All EU member states will pay VAT for goods taken out of the region when a person leaves the EU. For expats who only intend to stay a few years, it is worth contacting a VAT expert to determine what one will be entitled to claim, as this can often translate to a hefty sum.

The prospect of working in France holds great appeal for expats, particularly in a post-Covid world. While many of Europe's largest economies, including Germany, Spain and Italy, have declined considerably, France (the second-largest economy in Europe) has shown surprising resilience and positive numbers in spite of the pandemic. As such, there are still opportunities for talented individuals to find a job in France.

Expats are often attracted by the perks of the French working world, which include a 35-hour workweek, plenty of holiday time and early retirement. Finding a job in France is notoriously difficult for foreigners, though. Most expats who manage to find one do so through intra-company transfers or opportunities within large multinational organisations. 

Job market in France

Expats may be disappointed to discover that most of the jobs available in France aren't in the celebrated south or even bustling, romantic Paris. The top hiring regions are actually Auvergne, Bretagne, Limousin and Pays de la Loire. Expats willing to move to these less attractive destinations will find many opportunities, even though the area surrounding Paris claims one of the continent’s wealthiest and largest regional economies. 

Salaries in France are on the lower end of the spectrum compared to other areas of the world that attract expats, such as the US, the Middle East and Asia.

Finding a job in France

Expats looking for employment in France will benefit greatly from speaking French, as fluency is a requirement for most positions. Expats should note that education levels are given priority over experience and accomplishments and that the French generally prefer to do business with acquaintances and friends. Many people find employment through networking and alumni organisations, so fostering connections is a crucial part of the job hunt.

The most prominent industry sectors in France are hospitality, telecommunications, aerospace and defence, shipbuilding, pharmaceuticals, construction and civil engineering, chemicals, automobile production and banking. Expats looking to work in France will need a valid work permit. 

Work culture in France

Expats working in France will find that French business culture tends to be hierarchical and reserved, with little socialising across hierarchical lines. In addition to this, appearances are important to the French. Expats would do well to invest a little bit extra in their work wardrobe.

Those working in France will also need to take a flexible approach to time and punctuality. Work culture in France is heavily influenced by bureaucracy, and as such, simple tasks may take longer than expected. That said, expats in France will also enjoy a 35-hour workweek as well as substantial holiday time throughout the year. This free time will allow expats to make the most of working in the country and embrace the French way of life.

World-renowned and ranked highly by the World Health Organization (WHO), healthcare in France hinges on an intricate public-private combination that is both efficient and generous.

While most locals claim to be happy with the healthcare system in France, many also supplement state-provided coverage with private health insurance that covers add-ons such as private hospital rooms, dentistry and eye care.

Expats lucky enough to take advantage of the public system and the associated insurance will be spoilt for choice, but even those forced to shell out substantially more for private health insurance will nonetheless be satisfied with the standard of care.

Public healthcare in France

The network of public healthcare facilities in France is comprehensive. It includes more than 1,300 regional, university, local and general hospitals. The system upholds an exceptionally high standard and emphasises primary care.

The French public healthcare system is generally free of the waiting lists associated with the socialised medical systems found in the UK and Canada. Expats will also find that they have plenty of choices when selecting a doctor or specialist in France.

EU citizens can use their European Health Insurance Card (EHIC) to access state healthcare during a short-term visit. UK citizens can make use of their Global Health Insurance Card (GHIC), which replaced the EHIC for UK citizens post-Brexit.

The public health insurance system, known as Sécurité Sociale, provides basic coverage to those who qualify and is funded by tax contributions from salary deductions. Expats employed in France, those who are self-employed but make the necessary contributions, and those who have reached official retirement age in their home country can all usually make use of the French public healthcare system once they have registered at their local social security office.

The public system covers the major part of medical bills. That said, most locals and foreigners use private supplemental insurance to cover themselves for the remainder of the medical fees. Those with chronic illnesses such as diabetes and cancer will find that the government covers 100 percent of their medical bills, including surgery, therapy and drugs.

Expats using the public healthcare system should keep in mind that even though the choice of doctor is left up to the patient, going to the same doctor will assure higher compensation from social security. A referral must also be acquired before a specialist is consulted or the state will lower its contribution. Certain professionals, such as psychiatrists and dentists, are exceptions to this rule.

It is worth noting that payment is required upfront for some appointments, and patients are only reimbursed at a later date.

Private healthcare in France

Private healthcare is available in France but provides little advantage in terms of quality of care over the public system.

Most healthcare providers in France work in private offices and run fee-for-service practices. The French government still plays a strong role in negotiating medical fees and costs associated with prescription drugs. Most private physicians accept the state-negotiated fees, but some doctors in the major urban centres and select sub-specialists may bill extra.

Medicines and pharmacies in France

Pharmacies are plentiful in France, especially in its major cities. Over-the-counter medicine can only be sold in a pharmacy, and it is unlikely that basic medication like painkillers or flu medicine will be available in a supermarket. Pharmacies can be identified by their large illuminated cross sign, which is normally red or green.

Most pharmacies are open Monday to Saturday from 9am to 6pm. Late-night pharmacies (Pharmacie de Garde) can also be found in major cities. A list of nearby late-night pharmacies is normally posted on the door of a pharmacy.

Private health insurance in France

Even though public health insurance covers a substantial portion of medical bills, most of the French population also has some form of private health insurance. These private health plans are often supplied by employers. Expats moving to France for work should try to negotiate this into their package before signing a contract.

Owing to the success of the public health insurance system, there are far fewer providers of private healthcare insurance in France than in many other destinations.  

Emergency services in France

Most serious medical emergencies in France are handled by SAMU (Service d'Aide Médicale d'Urgence), which is a publicly run organisation that provides ambulance services as well as other specialist medical assistance. In case of an emergency, expats should dial 15 if using a landline, or 112 if phoning from a mobile.

Expats will find shipping to France a fairly painless affair. The country has plenty of ports, a high-density rail system and is home to one of the largest international airports in the world, Charles de Gaulle.

Expats can therefore choose to ship by sea, by air or by land. There are plenty of service providers who can help to ship goods door to door, or who can take responsibility for just a part of the process.

Despite the apparent ease of sending goods abroad, expats should note that shipping is usually expensive. It’s often the case that one can purchase new or used household goods upon arrival for less, or can simply find furnished accommodation.

Those committed to keeping their furniture should pay attention to a few key points if planning to ship to France. First, expats should seek at least three quotes from shipping service providers, and make sure that their chosen provider ticks all the boxes.

Despite the familiar feeling of France and its iconic capital city, expats are still likely to experience some culture shock. Making a home in France comes with the challenges of learning the language and assimilating into a culture steeped in unique social conventions.

The first and most critical step for overcoming culture shock and avoid any misunderstandings about French culture is to learn the local language. Expats should also mind their manners, keep an open mind and maintain an eagerness to learn about French culture.

Language barrier in France

French is the official language of France, but expats living in the south of France may encounter some regional dialects that sound surprisingly different to what is spoken in Paris and Lyon. In many areas of France, locals are likely to speak some level of English.

This fact should not detract from visitors' or expats' attempts to initiate a conversation or request in French with a 'bonjour' (good day) or 'parlez-vous Anglais?' (Do you speak English?).

Various language schools offer French classes to foreign-language speakers. They all cater to various levels of proficiency and need. Even for the more fluent speaker, there are conversation classes that offer an opportunity to speak to French speakers who are learning English.

Etiquette in France

Etiquette is extremely important to people in France, and it is not unusual to see people being subtly disregarded by salespeople, waiters or others in the service industry for not minding their manners. At any service counter, even if in a rush, the most observed form of etiquette is greeting. Rushing in to make demands or a request without a brief 'bonjour' can elicit a frosty response.

The bisous (kissing on both cheeks) is reserved for people one is familiar with and, even then, locals will always be first to initiate. This can appear overly familiar to some expats, but it's a common greeting in France.

Time in France

The issue of time in social situations perplexes many expats who are used to the notion of being on time. In French society, being invited for a meal at someone's house prescribes that one does not arrive exactly on time. It is best to err on the side of being fashionably late and arrive 15 to 20 minutes after the set time. That said, if invited to a restaurant or a business function, it's acceptable to arrive at the specified time.

Dining etiquette in France

As a rule, the French don't have much tolerance for picky eaters. While it's fairly common to customise an order of food according to one's preferences in foreign restaurants, this behaviour isn't acceptable in most French establishments or at someone's home.

Once the usual questions around food allergies have been addressed, the host/hostess expects guests to finish what they're served. It is frowned upon to leave food on a plate, especially as servings aren't typically large and food preparation, particularly in someone's home, is a labour of love that can only be reciprocated through appreciation and enjoyment of the meal.

Cultural nuances in France

The French aren't known for being gregarious and open. Restraint and reserve play a big role in most interactions, and overt friendliness is not something one encounters overnight. Expats should prepare to be patient when it comes to fostering connections with locals.

The mixing of professional and private lives, such as socialising with colleagues outside of working hours, is seldom done in French companies. Speaking too loudly or laughing too raucously in public places can earn sideway glances. Discretion is key in all situations.

The French can be very direct, which can be misconstrued as rude, especially if one is not used to such forthrightness. Expats should learn not to take this personally.

Shopping hours in France

One of the most common complaints cited by expats from the UK and the US is the somewhat mysterious French shopping hours. On Sundays, nearly everything is closed, with the exception of cafés. While this may be annoying to expats, they should try to follow the lead of the locals and take advantage of Sundays to relax and unwind.

Additionally, many stores will close for two to three hours over lunch throughout the week, but this is more common outside of metropolitan centres.

French embassies

• French Embassy, Washington, DC, United States: +1 202 944 6000

• French Embassy, London, United Kingdom: +44 20 7073 1000

• French Embassy, Ottawa, Canada: +1 613 789 1795

• French Embassy, Canberra, Australia: +61 2 6216 0100

• French Embassy, Pretoria, South Africa: +27 12 425 1600

• French Embassy, Dublin, Ireland: +353 1 699 0984

• French Embassy, Wellington, New Zealand: +64 4 384 2555

Foreign embassies in France

• United States Embassy, Paris: +33 1 4312 2222

• British Embassy, Paris: +33 1 4451 3100

• Canadian Embassy, Paris: +33 1 4443 2900

• Australian Embassy, Paris: +33 1 4059 3300

• South African Embassy, Paris: +33 1 5359 2410

• Irish Embassy, Paris: +33 1 4417 6700

• New Zealand Embassy, Paris: +33 1 4501 4343

The cost of living in France is undeniably steep, especially in bustling urban hubs such as Paris, Lyon and Marseille. Expenses decrease considerably the further one ventures into the rural countryside, a result of both lower prices and a less extravagant lifestyle.

Paris, Lyon and Toulouse all appear in Mercer's Cost of Living Survey for 2023, respectively ranking as the 35th, 92nd and 121st most expensive out of the 227 expat cities surveyed. The cost of living in Paris is comparable to that of Seattle, and the cost of living in Lyon or Toulouse are akin to Toronto or Birmingham.

Expat salaries in France are considerably less lucrative than the financial packages given to those who move to the Middle East or Asia for tax-free wealth or high-powered positions. That said, enjoying an excellent quality of life on a budget in France is achievable, especially in the picturesque south and in some of the charming provincial villages.

Cost of accommodation in France

Accommodation in France tends to be the most intimidating expense for expats. It can easily swallow a third to half of their monthly salary if they're residing in an established urban centre. Conversely, expat retirees seeking sun-soaked shores and property ownership in France may not even have a monthly mortgage to worry about.

With more spacious homes available for less than in other European countries, many expats sell their property back home and invest in French real estate, covering renovation costs and leaving only utility bills to contend with.

Utility bills are comparable to those in the rest of Europe. Prices of electricity and gas are relatively average. While air conditioning can be expensive, it isn't as commonly used in Europe as in the US. Many apartments don't come with air conditioning facilities installed.

Cost of transport in France

France boasts an impressive public transport system, and expats living in big cities will find that life without a car is easy. Many employers in Paris even subsidise some transport costs – so expats should not be afraid to ask.

Rural infrastructure, on the other hand, is not as comprehensive as in the cities. Expats living in the countryside may need to buy a car, slightly raising village life expenses.

Cost of groceries and clothing in France

Thanks to France's stringent food regulations, food in France is top quality. Many French residents get food from local fresh goods markets, bakeries, butcheries, groceries and cheesemongers. This high quality does unfortunately also come at a relatively high cost.

A 20 percent sales tax in France makes goods pricier than in many other European countries, and clothes are notoriously expensive. This means that expats will either have to opt for pricey boutiques, speciality stores and upscale department stores, or decide to go for budget-friendly, lower-quality goods.

Cost of entertainment and eating out in France

The cost of restaurants in France is also on the higher end. After all, France is the birthplace of the modern restaurant. In terms of food costs, Paris outpaces other French cities.

There are many free and budget entertainment options, though. Expats can visit all sorts of public parks and historical sites for free, and museums and galleries are generally affordable. Expats on a budget will have no problem immersing themselves France's rich culture without breaking the bank.

Cost of education in France

French public education is free for citizens and residents, and certain public schools called Sections Internationale are even geared to integrating non-Francophones into the mainstream curriculum.

Expat parents can enrol their children in a private school for a higher premium. These have smaller classes, better facilities and may have special classes for non-Francophone learners. Parents should note the difference between the state-sponsored and privately funded private schools – the former are more tightly regulated and have a better reputation.

Most international schools are in Paris. They tend to have high tuition fees, but are popular with expat parents because they allow children to continue learning a familiar curriculum in their home language.

Cost of healthcare in France

France boasts an exceptional healthcare system, often regarded as one of the finest in the world. Expats residing in the country will find that access to quality medical services, both public and private, is relatively seamless. The public healthcare system, known as Sécurité Sociale, covers most medical expenses, including doctor consultations, hospitalisations and prescription medications.

Expats working in France for at least three months and who make social security contributions are eligible to partake in this well-established scheme. However, it's worth noting that state-provided coverage does not extend to all medical costs, and thus, many residents opt for supplementary insurance, known as a mutuelle.

For those who prefer and can afford an additional layer of comfort and convenience, France also boasts a robust private healthcare sector, replete with state-of-the-art facilities and world-class medical practitioners. While private healthcare is undoubtedly pricier, many expats choose this route for shorter waiting times, increased choice of doctors and clinics, and a more personalised experience. It's prudent to invest in comprehensive health insurance to offset the potentially hefty medical bills associated with world-class private healthcare.

Cost of living in France chart

These are the average costs for Paris in April 2023. Prices may vary depending on the product and service provider.

*When a public holiday falls on a Sunday, it will be observed on the following Monday

As with most countries, there are certain requirements expats must meet before they can work in France. These may vary depending on an expat's country of origin. Citizens of the European Economic Area (EEA) and Switzerland don’t require work permits to find employment in France.

Non-EEA nationals must usually go through a complicated application process for the right to employment in France. There's also a limitation on the number of job categories open to non-European foreigners. As such, work permits in France are notoriously difficult for expats to get.

Eligibility for a work permit in France is related to employment status, and it's usually necessary for expats to find employment before relocating. Expats may need to rely on their prospective employer to obtain the permit on their behalf.

Expats looking for employment in France may also need to prove that their skills are unique and can't be found among EEA nationals, which can be a troublesome task. Patience is a valuable asset, as expats in France are bound to experience the country’s infamous bureaucratic process first-hand.

Applying for a work permit for France

Expats planning to work in France for longer than three months are required to have a long-stay visa, which can only be applied for after their prospective work contract is sent to the French Ministry of Labour for approval. Once the contract has been reviewed and approved an appointment can be made to apply for the visa. Expats arriving in France on a long-stay work visa are required to register with the Office Français de l’Immigration et de l’Intégration (French Office of Immigration and Integration).

Work visas for France vary in their length of validity, requirements and number of entries. They generally also depend on the type of worker and their field. Common work permits for expats moving to France include the Skills and Talents Permit, as well as the Employees on Assignment Permit.

*Visa and work permit regulations are subject to change at short notice and expats should contact their respective embassy or consulate for the latest details.