Given its immense size and diversity, the general level of safety in India varies. Expats are most likely to come across issues related to petty crime, road safety and sanitation.

There are ongoing issues related to sectarian violence and terrorism, but foreigners are not often directly affected – although there have been occasions when areas known to be frequented by Westerners have been targeted.

Crime in India

Terrorism in India

The threat of terrorism in India remains a concern, especially in major cities such as Delhi and Mumbai – terrorists have especially targeted areas that are popular with foreigners before. Security has been stepped up in major cities as a result.

Certain parts of India are frequently plagued with sectarian violence that has little to do with foreigners. The northern regions of Jammu and Kashmir and Ladakh are the most notable examples. Violence is unpredictable, but there is a risk of bombings, shootings and kidnappings.

There are other areas that major foreign offices advise against travelling to, including the border with Pakistan and the state of Manipur. We recommend that expats check with their embassies regarding which areas to avoid in India.

It's important to be vigilant around the time of public holidays and days of religious significance. By keeping up to date with the news and following government travel warnings, expats should be able to avoid any problems. 

Protests in India

Protests related to political and socio-economic issues are common in India and often affect service delivery and transport. Large gatherings are especially common in India's northeastern regions. Violence at such gatherings is not uncommon. Indian security forces are quite used to dealing with these situations and are swift to react, but this does not guarantee one's safety during a protest.

We advise expats to steer clear of all protest action and abide by any state and national regulations imposed.

Transport safety in India

Road safety is a major concern in India. Reckless taxi and motorcycle drivers account for many accidents, while bus and train accidents are also fairly common. Pickpockets also target passengers on public transport, so expats should keep a close eye on their belongings.

Sea travel also poses safety concerns, given that tourist boats in India often fail to carry life-saving equipment such as lifejackets. It's best to check the safety regulations provided by tour operators and travel companies.

Food safety in India

Poor hygiene standards and disease are also concerns for expats in India. A common affliction for newly arrived expats and travellers is something called 'Delhi belly', relating to stomach problems resulting from food-borne parasites. To avoid digestive issues, expats should be cautious about consuming food from roadside vendors and avoid drinking tap water, especially in smaller towns and rural areas.

Expats interested in shipping household goods to India will find an abundance of service providers offering both piecemeal delivery and complete relocation company packages from anywhere in the world. Expats will generally have the choice of using sea freight, airfreight or both. The cost of shipping is determined by volume and method of delivery of the goods, as well as how far they will need to be transported.

Sea freight will, in most cases, prove to be more cost effective, especially if moving a large volume of goods. Airfreight is delivered much quicker but costs more. As a general rule, it’s best to divide shipments; send the essentials ahead of time via airfreight, and goods that are not immediate necessities via sea freight.

Expats should also keep in mind that furniture can be bought relatively cheaply in India, and many accommodation options come either fully or partially furnished, so it may not even be necessary to ship furniture at all.

Hiring an international removal company

The process of cross-continental relocation is best handled by international removal companies familiar with Indian transport and customs rules. These companies will survey everything that needs to be shipped and issue a quote based on the size of the shipment. It's worthwhile to get several quotes for comparison before deciding which company to go with.

On the day of the move, the company will pack everything, take inventory, do basic disassembling of furniture and deal with all customs formalities. Expect quotes to include delivery and unpacking services, as well as the removal of debris, and basic reassembling of furniture at the destination.

Expats should take out shipping insurance with a company not involved in the removal in order to ensure adequate protection and coverage of their goods.

Duty-free shipping to India

Expats planning on becoming formal residents of India may be able to import their used personal and household goods duty free. There are some exceptions to this rule, though, so expats should consult the Indian government’s baggage rules before finalising their shipment. 

Most expat relocation packages offer an allowance for sea and airfreight, and it's best to take full advantage of any airfreight allowance for essentials needed right away.

E-commerce has also grown as a strong industry in India, and shipping and delivery costs may be charged for buying goods from outside the country. Be sure to check all related fees, whether bringing in old items or buying new ones online from outside of India.

Shipping pets to India

The rules for shipping pets to India vary according to an expat's home country, but a vet's certificate and proof of certain vaccinations, such as against rabies, are standard requirements. Pets will also need to have a microchip implanted.

In some cases, expats may need a particular permit along with their visa to import their pets. Expats wishing to bring their furry family members into the country will also have to prioritise their search for pet-friendly accommodation. As animal import regulations can be complex, it's best to consult with a pet-relocation company.

India's vast terrain makes for a variety of climatic conditions, ranging from snowfall in high mountainous regions to humid tropical coastal areas. 

Two climatic subtypes prevail across India: a tropical monsoon climate, particularly in the south which has high humidity, and a tropical climate bringing both wet and dry periods. The southern regions experience their mildest temperatures between January and September, while in the northeast the months from March to August are more bearable. The deserts of Rajasthan (west of Jodhpur) and the northwestern Indian Himalayan region are at their best during the monsoon season (July to September); and the mountainous regions of Himachal Pradesh and Kashmir should be visited over the summer months (May to September).

Generally, expats who relocate to India will experience pleasant and warm weather during the months of October to March when it is cool and dry. Depending on the location, however, the weather can be scorchingly hot during the summer months and it’s wise to make sure accommodation has adequate air conditioning.

Getting around in India can be an adventure and a challenge. In such a vast country, finding the most efficient modes of travel will be important for expats looking to make the most of their time.

From modern metro systems in several cities, such as Delhi, Mumbai, Bengaluru and Kolkata, to old-fashioned rickshaws, transport in India is extremely varied and the choices can be overwhelming. Expats who want to interact with the locals will enjoy using public transport, while those who want to get across the country fast can take advantage of affordable domestic flights.

Public transport in India

Using public transport in India is often challenging at first. It can be crowded, uncomfortable and somewhat dangerous at times. But patient expats will discover that using buses and trains in India is cost effective, allows them the chance to see more of the country, and gives them insight into local everyday life.

Buses

Buses in India are often the cheapest way to get around. Both public and private buses operate in India, and although public buses are often cheaper, private ones offer greater comfort and air conditioning.

Buying tickets for private buses is more likely done from the bus company's booth at a bus station while travellers on public buses can buy tickets onboard.

While many people prefer trains for long-distance journeys, the country's colourful buses offer quite a saving and are sometimes the only way to reach some of the country's more isolated areas. Major cities are also served by a Bus Rapid Transit System (BRTS), which offers a speedier and more efficient way of getting around locally and commuting.

Those who do decide to travel by bus should be aware of several factors. Language barriers may seem like a challenge. Signage is rarely in English, especially in smaller towns, but people are friendly and generally willing to help. Road accidents are another consideration as these are a constant risk. Luggage is usually stored on the roof of long-distance buses or in compartments under the bus, so expats should make sure their bags are locked and secured.

Trains

One of the best ways to see the country is travelling by train. The train network in India, provided by the state-run organisation, Indian Railways, is extensive, prices are reasonable and they're a more comfortable choice for travelling long distances.

India's rail network consists of country-wide routes as well as commuter rail transport in metropolitan regions, including suburban rail systems, metros and trams. The latter has faded out across India – although the city of Kolkata still operates their tram system.

It's possible to hire a private sleeper compartment on some rail services and, where available, travelling in an air-conditioned compartment is worth the extra expense.

Train travel can become difficult during major festival periods, so it's a good idea to book tickets in advance. Tickets can either be booked at ticketing agents or bought at stations.

Metro

Despite stereotypes of India as a developing country, modern underground train networks can be found in several cities, including Delhi, Mumbai, Bengaluru and Kolkata. Metro systems are continually constructed, expanded and maintained all over the country. Travelling by metro is a fast and efficient way to get around in these cities and allows commuters to avoid traffic congestion.

Navigating the metro in Indian cities need not be overly intimidating for a new arrival, as routes can be easily tracked and followed with apps such as Google Maps.

Rickshaws in India

Auto rickshaws, or tuk-tuks, are three-wheeled vehicles that are found across Indian towns and cities. They are generally cheaper than taxis, but while most of them have meters, drivers rarely use them. Passengers should negotiate with the driver and agree on a fare before they start their journey.

Women travelling solo in India who are concerned about their safety on the roads can find pink rickshaws. These are an alternative to auto rickshaws, used by females passengers, and equipped with panic buttons and GPS tracking systems.

Cycle rickshaws are three-wheeled bicycles with a support bench for passengers at the back and a canopy for shelter. They're more common in smaller towns than cities and have been banned in certain cities for causing congestion. Cycle rickshaws aren't the most efficient mode of transport, but they certainly provide a novel way of getting around.

Taxis in India

Taxis are easy to find in large cities throughout India. They can usually be hailed from the roadside, found at taxi stands or called in advance. Some cities do not allow taxis to be hailed on the street – this includes Bengaluru, Chennai and Hyderabad. Taxis in India are required to have a meter and expats should make sure it's working at the start of their journey. Ride-hailing services including Uber and local equivalents, such as Ola Cabs, are also available.

Taxi services for women are developing, particularly in large cities. For example, Go Pink Cabs, based in Bengaluru, has recently started up as the country's first taxicab service by women for women.

Share taxis are similar to normal taxis but carry several passengers who are travelling in the same direction. Fares are charged according to the number of passengers and the distance they're travelling. Aside from being cheap, they're a good option during city rush hours because they limit waiting time.

Driving in India

Some foreign driving licences will allow expats to drive in India for a set period but driving isn't for the faint-hearted. Unless they're used to navigating chaotic streets with erratic drivers, expats should think twice before getting behind the steering wheel.

Road standards in India vary. National highways are well maintained in certain areas, but city roads can be narrow, potholed and poorly signposted. The Indian government has taken steps to improve road standards but the biggest challenge for expats will be dealing with local drivers who don't pay much attention to road rules.

Expats who want to use a car in India should consider hiring a local driver, which removes the stress of finding one's way around and dealing with the chaos of Indian streets.

Air travel in India

Expats who need to get between major destinations quickly will find that flying is most convenient. Numerous domestic airlines operate in India and flight prices are competitive.

New airlines are known to pop up from time to time offering great deals, but end up shutting down quite quickly – getting a refund can be a major hassle. It is best to use established airlines such as Air India, which is India's flag carrier airline, or GoAir, IndiGo or SpiceJet.

To get the best prices on domestic flights in India, expats should book as far in advance as possible.

Indian embassies

• Indian Embassy, Washington DC, United States: +1 202 939 7000

• Indian High Commission, London, United Kingdom: +44 20 8629 5950

• Indian High Commission, Ottawa, Canada: +1 613 744 3751

• Indian High Commission, Canberra, Australia: +61 2 6225 4900

• Indian High Commission, Pretoria, South Africa: +27 12 342 5392

• Indian Embassy, Dublin, Ireland: +353 1 206 0932

• Indian High Commission, Wellington, New Zealand: +64 4 473 6390

Foreign embassies in India

• United States Embassy, New Delhi: +91 11 2419 8000

• British High Commission, New Delhi: +91 11 2419 2100

• Canadian High Commission, New Delhi: +91 11 4178 2000

• Australian High Commission, New Delhi: +91 11 4139 9900

• South African High Commission, New Delhi: +91 11 2614 9411

• Irish Embassy, New Delhi: +91 11 4940 3200

• New Zealand High Commission, New Delhi: +91 11 4688 3170

*India has only three compulsory national holidays, but each state has its own additional holidays reflecting predominant local cultures and religions. To find out more, consult government sources.

Pre-history

• 2500 BCE: The earliest civilisation in India, known as the Indus Valley Civilisation, flourishes in the western part of the Indian subcontinent. This civilisation is known for its well-planned cities, advanced drainage systems and the use of standardised weights and measures.

• 1500 BCE: The Aryans migrate to India and introduce their language and culture. They establish several small kingdoms in the northern part of the subcontinent.

• 321 BCE: The Maurya Empire is founded by Chandragupta Maurya. This empire is known for its strong central government, extensive road network and the famous emperor Ashoka, credited with spreading Buddhism across the subcontinent.

Early history

• 4th century: India is ruled by a series of dynasties, including the Gupta Empire, known for its thriving arts, science and philosophy policies.

• 7th century: Islam is introduced to India by Arab traders, leading to the establishment of several Muslim dynasties in the subcontinent, including the Delhi Sultanate and the Mughal Empire.

Mughal Empire

• 1526: The Mughal Empire is founded in 1526 by Babur, a Central Asian ruler who conquered parts of northern India. The Mughals were Muslim rulers who governed a predominantly Hindu population.

• 1556–1605: The empire reaches its height under the reign of Emperor Akbar, who introduces a policy of religious tolerance and promotes the arts and culture. The Mughal Empire is known for its grand architecture, including the Taj Mahal, the Red Fort and the Agra Fort. The Mughals also introduce new technologies and industries to India, including paper-making, textiles and ceramics.

• 1608: The British East India Company arrives in India, establishing trading posts in several coastal cities.

• 1658-1707: Under Aurangzeb, the Mughal Empire expands to its greatest territorial extent, but his policies of religious intolerance and heavy taxation weaken the empire and lead to widespread rebellions. The decline of the Mughal Empire allows for the emergence of regional powers, such as the Marathas and the Sikhs, who challenge Mughal authority.

• 1857: The Moghul Empire era officially ends as the British East India Company take control of India in the mid-19th century.

British Empire

• 1858: The British Empire takes control of India after the Sepoy Mutiny, a rebellion by Indian soldiers in the British East India Company's army against the company's rule. In the aftermath of the rebellion, the British Crown takes direct control of India, and India becomes a British colony.

• 1858–1947: In what is known as the British Raj, the British Crown appoints British administrators and a Governor-General or Viceroy to rule India. The British maintain their grip on power by implementing a policy of divide and rule, exploiting divisions between various communities in India.

• 1853–1854: The British build railway, telegraph and irrigation infrastructure in India, which help to modernise the country.

• 1857: Indian nationalist movements begin to emerge, led by figures such as Mohandas Gandhi and Jawaharlal Nehru, who advocate for independence from British rule.

• 1860: The British enact a series of laws and administrative reforms, including the introduction of modern legal and education systems and the development of the Indian Civil Service, which have a lasting impact on the country. The British outlaw various forms of caste discrimination and introduce affirmative action policies to promote social mobility and reduce inequality.

• 1885–1920: The British respond to the Indian nationalist movements with repression and occasional violence, including the Jallianwala Bagh massacre in 1919. Former UK Prime Minister H. H. Asquith openly condemns it, calling it "one of the worst, most dreadful, outrages in the whole of our history".

• 1939–1945: During World War II, Indian soldiers fight on the British Empire's behalf, but the war also fuels Indian nationalist sentiment and demands for self-rule.

• 1947: The British government passes the Indian Independence Act, which grants independence to India and Pakistan and ends the British Raj. With the end of British rule comes the partition of India, forcing millions to migrate across the newly-drawn border between India and Pakistan. This leads to widespread violence and displacement.

Independence

• 1947: With India released from the British, Jawaharlal Nehru becomes the first prime minister of the newly independent nation. 

• 1950: India becomes a republic and builds a path towards democratic socialism. India faces numerous challenges in the early years after independence, such as religious tensions, poverty and economic instability.

• 1951: India launches its first Five-Year Plan focusing on developing the economy and eradicating poverty, leading to the country's significant progress in agriculture, education and industry. 

• 1962: The Sino-Indian War breaks out between India and China over border disputes. India suffers a defeat.

• 1971: The Indo-Pakistani War begins as India tries to stake a claim on East Pakistan, which eventually becomes the independent country of Bangladesh.

• 1974: India's first nuclear test is conducted, resulting in international sanctions. 

• 1984: Prime Minister Indira Gandhi is assassinated by her own Sikh bodyguards, leading to widespread violence against the Sikh community.

• 1991: India implements economic liberalisation policies, giving rise to a significant increase in foreign investment and economic growth.

• 1990–2008: India faces several terrorist attacks, including the 1993 Mumbai bombings and the 2001 attack on the Indian Parliament. Mumbai is again targeted in a series of coordinated terrorist attacks in 2008.

• 2002: The death of 59 Hindu pilgrims in a train fire gives rise to interreligious violence resulting in more than 1,000 people casualties, mostly Muslims. 

• 2008–2014: India continues to make significant progress in various sectors, including space technology, information technology and renewable energy. Still, the country faces challenges like poverty, unemployment and environmental degradation.

• 2014: Narendra Modi becomes Prime Minister of India, and his government focuses on economic growth, infrastructure development and improving the country's international standing.

• 2019: Modi's Bharatiya Janata Party wins a landslide victory in the general elections, securing a second term in office.

• 2020: India makes headlines the world over with record-breaking rates of Covid-19 infections, resulting in more than 500,000 deaths and devastating economic impact.

Expats shouldn't have much trouble keeping in touch with family and friends while they're in India, especially if they live in cities such as Delhi, Mumbai and Bengaluru. Internet, telephone, mobile phone and postal services are available and service standards are generally good.

Internet in India

Internet speeds in India generally lag behind other large economies. Nevertheless, broadband usage is steadily growing and even though a relatively small percentage of the population has access to high speeds and fixed lines, this still translates to millions of people. Internet connectivity is unlikely to be a major concern for new arrivals in India.

There are numerous companies and services to choose from, expats shouldn't have too much of a problem finding an internet service provider and fibre setup that suits them. Costs vary between companies and depend on the package, but they generally increase with download speeds and the amount of data being used, though uncapped packages are available.

When out and about in big cities, expats will frequently come across free WiFi hotspots. Internet speeds can be slow, though. 

Mobile phones in India

Mobile telephones are the most common form of communication in India, offering affordable packages and coverage in remote areas of the country.

The largest operators in India include Airtel, Vodafone Idea, Reliance Jio and BSNL. While Jio seems to dominate in terms of 4G availability across the country, Airtel and Vodafone Idea tend to offer faster internet speeds using mobile data.

India offers one of the world's lowest rates for mobile data, and internet costs therefore bring down the overall cost of living. Payment plans for cellphones can either be pre-paid or post-paid, but navigating the different available packages can be challenging. If at all unsure, expats should consult the locals for recommendations.

Postal service in India

India Post is the national postal service and is generally reliable. Regular post usually takes two to three days between major cities or neighbouring states, and up to a week to the rest of the country. At higher prices, expats can send registered post and speed post at their local post office, and India Post has recently begun delivering medication too.

Though many people rely on India Post, expats may prefer the reputation of private courier companies. These guarantee secure arrival of post and offer competitive rates, with same-day delivery in metros and next-day delivery to most towns. 

English media in India

Indian newspapers are printed in all of its major languages, including English. The Times of India is published nationally and is available online. The Hindu is popular in the south, while Hindustan Times has a large readership in the north. There are also plenty of foreign newspapers available in major cities.

Accessibility in India

Modern India is a hugely diverse country – a subcontinent home to over 100 languages and every major religion in the world. It has some of the world's largest cities and remote regions with almost no people. Accessibility varies massively, with substantial improvements being made in many urban centres. Much of the country is more accessible than many might imagine.

Airports

Accessibility at New Delhi, Mumbai and Chennai airports is good, and in 2023 the government announced an initiative to develop new, accessible terminals and upgrade existing ones. This includes signage, security, help desks and parking. Most airlines and ground handling agents require advance notice (48 hours) for accessibility assistance, and overall things are noticeably improving at all transport hubs in terms of mobility.

Taxis

Hailing an accessible taxi on the street is difficult, but airport transfers and getting around most cities are easy using one of the many ride-hailing apps, including Ola Cabs and Uber, which feature accessible cars and minibuses. Cars caught from taxi ranks have regulated, metered fares, so prices are predictable and transparent. Several operators offer female-only services, driven by women, for women.

Buses

Buses run by state and private operators are everywhere, but demand at peak times substantially outstrips supply, so it’s rarely a convenient, accessible option. Almost all bus stations have been upgraded to suit wheelchair users, but only 6 percent of buses are ‘fully accessible’ and 30 percent ‘partially accessible’.

Rail

Fifteen cities have metro or rapid transit rail systems in India, mostly overground services, with more under construction. Travel is cost effective and most people use the National Common Mobility Card to pay, which is also used on buses and ferries. Rail services vary, but are comparable to most countries. The Delhi Metro, for instance, is one of the safest places in the city and has tactile pathways, wheelchair-accessible gates and dedicated elevators.

Car hire

Most of the car rental business in India is aimed at tourists, who hire a car and driver. Self-drive cars are available through all the global brands and can be useful for city-to-city travel for independence, or to reach more rural routes. Largely though, it’s not recommended as the roads and drivers can feel chaotic to those who’ve not spent time behind the wheel in Southern Asia.

LGBTQ+ in India

Lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender rights in India have rapidly evolved in recent years. However, some LGBTQ+ may experience social and legal difficulties. Colonial-era laws that directly discriminated against homosexual and transgender identities have been repealed, and India's constitution prohibits discrimination based on sexual orientation and gender identity.

People are more accepting of same-sex relationships, with around three out of four Indians supporting them. As with most countries, young people in urban settings are more accepting than the older generation or those away from metropolitan centres. Despite this, there are no legal provisions for same-sex marriage.

Gender equality in India

Most Indians support gender equality, but historic gender norms still hold sway for many people—both men and women. This is partly rooted in tradition, where men were the principal breadwinner in the household and sons were given a higher value than daughters.

Though India's constitution guarantees the right to equality and freedom from sexual discrimination, the government maintains some reservations about interfering in the personal affairs of any community without its initiative and consent.

Women in leadership in India

Women have played a pivotal role in the growth and development of India, from running the household to running the nation. There are quota systems for government and commercial boards of directors, but women remain underrepresented in leadership positions. In technology, for instance, female representation is some 40 percent at the entry level but falls to around 15 percent at the managerial level and 4 to 8 percent at the executive level. Only 5 percent of businesses are female-owned.

Mental health in India

Mental health awareness campaigns in India have produced positive outcomes, targeting awareness and addressing the stigma around mental illness – but resources and professional practitioners are limited. Many don’t seek support due to limited finances, but in major cities, excellent quality support, including counselling, is available to those who can afford it. More well-being work is now being delivered nationally, internationally and online, which has widened access to services significantly.

Expats can be at risk of mental health issues such as depression and anxiety, exacerbated by the stress and loneliness of moving away from home. Most international companies are now more aware of the impact of mental health issues, and many have adjusted their policies to provide better support. This includes ensuring that mental illness is well covered by the company’s chosen employee healthcare schemes, as well as promoting knowledge and decreasing stigma by holding in-house workshops.

Unconscious bias in India

Unconscious bias is an implicit set of often stereotyped ideas an individual carries about certain groups of people different to themselves. These ideas are not purposefully adopted but rather develop subtly over time, and people tend to hold unconscious biases about groups they never or rarely come into contact with. As a result, the images people hold of such groups tend to be inaccurate and based on assumptions.

Unconscious bias can profoundly affect both personal and work conditions. In the workplace, unchecked bias undermines vital aspects of the company, with negative effects on employee performance, retention, and recruitment. In a bid to create a better work environment, many companies are beginning to institute unconscious bias training to promote tolerance and understanding.

Diversification of the workforce in India

India’s workforce is as diverse as its population, made up of people from different cultural, linguistic, and socio-economic backgrounds. Religion can have a bearing on people's values, attitudes and behaviour at work, though it is a sensitive topic to discuss.

Safety in India

India is a relatively safe country for international workers, but petty crime and assault are persistent problems. Daily life experiences may include aggressive begging, pickpocketing and small-scale scams such as overcharging.

Women’s safety in India

Women should be cautious about travelling alone, especially at night, and dress modestly to avoid unwanted attention. Gender-based crime is widely reported, though studies of attitudes among female expats generally indicate that they feel safe in India’s modern cities. Women’s safety and security are a top priority for central and state governments.

Calendar initiatives in India

4 January – World Braille Day
4 February – World Cancer Day
8 March – International Women’s Day
7 April – World Health Day
1 May – International Labour Day
18 May – Global Accessibility Awareness Day
8 September – World Literacy Day
10 September – World Suicide Prevention Day
10 October –World Mental Health Day
14 November – World Diabetes Day
18 November – End Child Sex Abuse Day
25 November – International Day for the Elimination of Violence against Women
1 December – World AIDS Day
3 December – International Day of People with Disabilities

Expats can add the search for accommodation in India to the list of adventures they're sure to have upon relocating.

From modern apartment complexes and quaint bungalows to large villas suitable for families, there is usually a home to suit every taste and budget.

Accommodation options vary greatly between areas, but those moving to one of the major cities can expect more competition in the housing market than in remoter locations. Unless expats plan on relocating to India for the long term, most people opt to rent property rather than buy.

In general, rental prices in India have been rising and adding to the cost of living, but affordability depends on the budget and neighbourhood. Still, many expats find that rental prices are reasonable, especially when compared to other major destinations.

Types of accommodation in India

Unfurnished, semi-furnished and fully-furnished properties can be found across the country; the more limited the furnishings, the lower the rental price.

When looking for accommodation in India, expats will likely come across the BHK acronym, meaning bedroom, hall and kitchen. A 'three BHK', for instance, means a three-bedroom property with a hall and a kitchen. Among the main types of accommodation available in India are apartments, independent floors, houses and gated complexes.

The types of property depend very much on the location. Most expats move to one of India's bustling cities where apartments are most common, while larger houses can be found more towards the outskirts. 

Apartments

Apartments are one of the most popular types of property in India. Both low and high-rise apartment blocks can be found and apartments range from basic studio flats to luxury penthouses.

Independent floors

Rather than renting out a unit in an apartment block, expats can rent an entire floor. Independent floors are popularly found in low-rise buildings and sometimes shared among large families who rent several floors and live together in the building but on separate storeys.

Freestanding houses

The standards and prices of houses vary widely from area to area and city to city. Bungalows and charming one-storey cottages are popular among families, while those with a taste for luxury can look for large villas with a garden and swimming pool. Expats who want to get away from the hustle and bustle of city life can also find several options for farmhouses.

Housing complexes

A fair share of gated communities can be found in and around India’s cities and are popular among wealthier expats and locals. Housing complexes typically offer condominium-style accommodation with shared access to amenities, such as clubhouses, swimming pools and green spaces. High-end gated communities also offer gyms and sports facilities.

Finding accommodation in India

The demand for good quality, reasonably priced accommodation often outweighs the supply, so finding a rental in India can be challenging. The good news is that employers often help their expat employees to find a place to stay, sometimes lining up a few options for them to choose from.

But many new arrivals aren't so lucky and have to find a home on their own. Online property listings and real-estate portals are a good starting point. Social media pages and groups are another way to network and find property. House hunters, especially those who search online, should always first visit the property before signing a lease.

Many expats hire a local real-estate agent or enlist the services of a relocation company. Expats in this position will need to be explicit about their specifications and what their price range is. Estate agents can also help draw up rental agreements and register long-term leases.

Renting accommodation in India

Leases

The law requires that a lease be drawn up and signed by both landlord and tenant. Informal leases based only on a verbal agreement are not legal. Prospective tenants should go through their rental and lease contract with a fine-tooth comb. Leases should cover all stipulations and clauses impacting the tenant and landlord, such as duration of the lease, deposits, monthly rent, utilities, rental increments, notice periods and so on.

Eleven-month lease agreements are common in India and are useful for expats. Shorter-term rental agreements may also be possible.

Longer-term leases are also available; those valid for longer than 11 months must be formally registered with the relevant authorities, including registration costs and stamp duty charges.

Deposits

Until recently, there was no legislation governing deposit amounts, so landlords would often ask for six or even 10 months' worth of rent as a deposit. This has now been declared illegal and deposits for residential properties can only be a maximum of two months' rent.

Utilities

Tenants normally cover the costs of utilities, including electricity, water and any maintenance charges. Be sure to negotiate this in the lease agreement.

Notice periods

Tenants and landlords must give and be given notice if either party wishes to terminate the lease early. Notice must be given at least three months in advance.

India's strong emphasis on education is one of the driving forces behind its emerging economy, though standards at public schools vary dramatically.

Private schools are popular in India, and most middle-class families send their children to these. For expat parents, this will most likely take the form of a private international school, but with hundreds to choose from throughout the country, the decision can be a tough one. The curricula, learning environments and teaching philosophies at these institutions vary, and expat parents will need to select a school that aligns with their budget and expectations.

Expat families with younger children and differently-abled children have additional factors to consider, but there is a broad scope of options for education in large cities such as Delhi, Mumbai and Bengaluru. We recommend that expats start planning for schools and admissions as early as possible.

Public schools in India

India’s public schools are managed at central, state and local levels, and various school boards set the curriculum, including the Central Board of Secondary Education (CBSE) and the Council for the Indian School Certificate Examinations (CISCE). Exams are mainly conducted in Grades 10 and 12, and there are also opportunities for vocational education.

While private schools often provide a mix of the Indian curriculum with an international one, wholly public schools in India are unlikely to meet most expats' standards. 

Children aged six to 14 have the right to free public education in India, but the lack of funding lowers the quality of facilities and education. Class sizes often exceed international norms, facilities may be mediocre at best, and administrative and budgetary issues are common. Also, while many public schools in India teach in English, not all do, which creates a language barrier that expat children may struggle to overcome.

Private schools in India

Indian private schools have a good reputation, but the emphasis on results and rote learning can be challenging for expat students. Students are incredibly competitive and are pushed to perform by their families and society in general. International students may be unaccustomed to this pressure and, as a result, many feel frustrated and insecure. That said, many students rise to the occasion and benefit greatly from learning in a multicultural environment.

Local private schools are also a great option for expats who plan on living in India long term and who want their children to have a more integrated experience and the opportunity to mix and make friends with local children while receiving a high standard of education. 

International schools in India

International schools are ideal for expats who want their children to continue with their home-country curriculum. These schools also maintain their home country's primary teaching language and tend to employ familiar methods of instruction. American and British international schools are well represented across India, while several schools representing countries such as France and Germany have opened in larger cities.

Expats should note that international schools are among the most expensive. So if hired to work in India on a lucrative employment package, expats should ensure that a sizeable allowance is included to accommodate for school fees.

Another consideration is the shortage of seats at international schools throughout India. It's best to start the admissions process early. Often consisting of entrance exams and interviews, the admissions process is highly competitive and waiting lists at popular schools are long. 

Nurseries in India

Large cities in India provide a host of playgroups, daycares and nurseries. Some international schools have kindergartens attached, and these meet high standards of care. 

One of the main factors determining which nursery to select will be its location. Pre-primary schools are limited in number in rural villages, while in major cities, expat families can find many well-established and reputable nurseries. But, due to heavy traffic and transport issues, it’s important to choose an area near one’s home or workplace.

Homeschooling in India

Despite confusion over the compulsory schooling age and feasibility of homeschooling in India, the homeschooling community is growing. There is limited awareness on the topic of homeschooling in the country, but expat families increasingly find themselves in situations where mainstream schooling is not suitable.

With Indian state schools having a lower standard on the one end and private schools charging exorbitant fees on the other, homeschooling becomes a happy medium for committed parents. Online support and resources for homeschooling are widely available, such as through the Swashikshan Indian Association of Homeschoolers website, and various curricula options should be explored. International schools may also provide distance-learning opportunities or act as an exam centre where homeschooled students can write their exams.

Special-needs education in India

Expat parents of children with disabilities will have to do their research when looking for the right schooling option. Policies on special-needs education in India are criticised for being unclear, with some government departments managing separate schools for children with disabilities and others encouraging inclusive education. Even private schools that offer support may lack firm guidelines on inclusivity.

International schools in India offer inclusive education for differently-abled students, though the types of services and level of classroom support may vary. Special-needs support covers a range of physical, mental, emotional and behavioural difficulties. To promote inclusivity, private schools may offer special educators, assistant teachers and counsellors as well as access to assistive learning devices. We suggest contacting schools personally for direct information.

Tutors in India

Education is highly valued in India and there are many opportunities for additional tuition for students alongside their mainstream schooling or homeschooling education. Adults can also find tutors for their educational needs.

Online platforms, such as BharatTutors, TeacherOn and FabTutor, are a great way to search for tutors in India, and there are a wealth of options for expats who prefer tutoring sessions online or in person. Increasing numbers of organisations and companies, such as Vedantu, offer free access to interactive live online classes and are popular learning resources.

Traders had been doing business in India long before the East India Company emerged on the subcontinent in the early 1600s. Today, multinational corporations flock to the country to augment their business processes and IT services and to search for growth in the country's burgeoning market. 

Growth has slowed in recent years, but businesses continue to invest and the Indian economy's future remains bright. But, like any emerging market, doing business in India comes with its share of risks and challenges.

Expats working in India should be aware of how business is conducted in the country and how to behave in the workplace.

Fast facts

Business hours

The workweek is traditionally from Monday to Friday, 9am to 6pm, but most Indians don't leave the office until their supervisor does. Working hours vary across industries and companies.

Business language

English is the main language of business in India.

Dress

Suits are expected at an executive level, while a smart-casual business dress is appropriate for mid-level managers. Business dress can be comfortable to suit the weather, such as long-sleeved button-down shirts for men, while women who wear skirts should cover their knees.

Gifts

Gifts are appropriate but need not be too expensive. Give and accept gifts with the right hand or both hands and don't open them in front of the giver. Invitations to a business associate’s home for dinner are common.

Appropriate greetings

Greet business associates by shaking hands, usually with a light grip. Never use the left hand – it's considered unclean. Men should wait for female associates to initiate a greeting, as Indian men generally don't shake hands with women out of respect. If a female colleague doesn't initiate a greeting, a nod of the head will suffice. In many parts of India and during formal occasions, the Hindu greeting of 'Namaste' can be used, with palms pressed together, fingers pointed upwards and a slight bow of the head.

Business cards

Business cards are commonly exchanged in greetings, given with the right hand. Business cards may be printed in English on the one side and Hindi on the other.

Gender equality

Although women have held parliamentary positions as president and prime minister in India, women's political representation and participation have been low. This is true in business settings too, as women remain underrepresented in the Indian workplace. However, international businesswomen are generally treated as equals. 

Business culture in India

Business culture in India is diverse, yet there are some key factors to consider, especially regarding communication, networking and building relationships.

Personal relationships  

In Indian business, trust is more often established through personal relationships than through legal contracts or a company’s reputation. As a result, establishing a strong business relationship without forming a personal one can be difficult. Sharing information about family, speaking about personal hobbies and interests, and spending time outside the office with Indian associates will build the trust needed to sustain the relationship when business negotiations heat up.

Communication style  

The desire to maintain harmony is a hallmark of communication in India. Locals generally prefer to communicate bad news indirectly, especially when communicating with clients and superiors.

Expats unfamiliar with indirect communication often fail to read between the lines, which can cause misunderstandings. People in India rarely express a negative response by directly saying 'no'. Responses like, 'yes, but it will be a bit difficult' or 'that may be possible – what do you think?' are more common and could be considered the same as a 'no'.

Asking open-ended questions about the potential problems of a proposal and actively listening for subtle clues can go a long way in avoiding miscommunication.

Hierarchy  

Most Indian businesses maintain a top-down hierarchy and locals are often good at negotiating power in business relationships. Status is highly valued in Indian society and people in positions of power are often given greater leeway than the average citizen.

Expats are encouraged to partner with the highest possible level of an organisation and to anticipate delays from both internal and external politics. Expats who can be patient in the face of bureaucracy and respect Indian values will discover that almost nothing is impossible in India.

Adapting versus planning  

As is the case in many emerging markets, business objectives in India are often accomplished by adaptation and improvisation rather than by implementing carefully-constructed plans. While some expats may prefer to develop contingencies for every foreseeable scenario, locals often place greater emphasis on reacting well to emerging circumstances.

Expats who localise their products and services, as well as their way of doing business, are often more successful than those who try to rigidly implement pre-formed plans. Cross-cultural consultants can be useful in bridging the gap.

Dos and don’ts of business in India

• Do show respect to authority figures and use appropriate titles (Mr or Miss and Sir or Madam if unsure) to address Indian counterparts 

• Do be polite and composed at all times to prove sincere objectives

• Do be punctual; being late is seen as disrespectful. Plan ahead for transport and traffic to arrive on time.

• Don't be overly aggressive in business negotiations. While Indians are generally tough negotiators, outward displays of aggressiveness will lose their respect.  

• Don't refuse food or drink offered during business meetings as this may offend. When dining with Indians, it is best to assume that they are vegetarian and that they don't drink or smoke unless they indicate otherwise.

Getting a visa for India isn’t too difficult and the time taken to process the visas is relatively short. We do recommend that expats who plan on visiting or moving to India begin by identifying the visa that’s right for their situation and organising the necessary documents, certificates and photographs for the application. It is best to start this as far ahead of time as possible.

Visa regulations for India are subject to change and we recommend consulting the Bureau of Immigration website and contacting the nearest embassy for the latest information.

How to apply for a visa for India

There are several ways to apply for a visa to enter India, including applying via e-visas, on arrival or at an embassy. Most nationalities can apply online for an e-visa, but for a full list of eligible countries, visit the government's IndianVisaOnline website. 

Citizens from Nepal and Bhutan do not need a visa to enter India unless they are arriving from China. Nationals from the Maldives are also entitled to certain exemptions. Some foreign nations may be eligible for a visa on arrival, including those from Japan and South Korea. Foreign nationals who do not meet eligibility criteria must apply through an Indian embassy.

General visa requirements for India

When applying online, e-visa applications must be submitted at least four days before the intended date of arrival in India. The visa application process is quick, provided applicants have all the necessary documents, and can be completed in 15 minutes. All documents must be in English or translated into English.

Visa fees vary depending on the country of citizenship, type of visa and duration of stay, and are non-refundable.

Citizens of certain countries require yellow fever and polio vaccinations and a certified card proving this. Foreign nationals on short-term visas must have enough money to support them during their stay as well as have a return or onward journey ticket. Passports should have at least six months of validity.

Foreign nationals due to stay in India for more than 180 days must register with the appropriate Foreigner Regional Registration Offices (FRRO) as per visa instructions.

Though e-visas don't normally allow for visa extensions, renewals of other visa types and residential permits can be done before the visa expires. Overstaying and exceeding the visa's validity date can result in heavy fines and punishments.

Tourist visas for India

Indian tourist visas are for travellers who want to visit friends or family, or sightsee. 

Tourist visas are generally valid for 30 days or one year. Five-year tourist visas are also available, providing varying lengths of continuous stay in the country depending on the visa holder's nationality.

Most foreign nationals will apply for their visa in their home country before they leave – this can either be done at a local application centre or via the online e-visa system. Nationals of certain countries won't need to apply in advance and can instead obtain a visa on arrival in India. Expats should determine which category they belong to well ahead of time.

Student visas for India

Expats attending short-term study courses can apply for student visas. Student visas are valid for the duration of the expat's course or up to five years, though they may be extended. Applicants must provide proof of admission to an Indian institution.

We recommend contacting the nearest Indian embassy for application procedures and specific details on these visas.

Medical visas for India

India is a significant destination for medical tourism as the largely privatised healthcare system offers a high standard of services and relatively low costs.

Medical visas and medical attendant visas are valid for 60 days and allow three entries. 

Work visas for India

Expats can apply for an employment visa or business or conference visa to legally work in India – no separate work permit will be needed.

Employment visas

Expats working in India for an organisation or company registered in the country require an employment visa. Expats are eligible for employment visas if they are relocating with a guaranteed offer of employment or via an intra-company transfer. 

Employment visas for India are usually valid for one year or the term of the employment contract, though in certain cases they may be granted for two, three or five years. It is possible to renew an employment visa from within India.

Business visas

Business visas are available for expat entrepreneurs or investors who want to conduct business in India. They must be able to prove that they are in good financial standing and that they have expertise in their field of business.

Business visas are valid for one year with multiple entries, but continuous stays during each visit must not exceed 180 days. In the event of this, foreign nationals must register with the Foreigner Regional Registration Offices (FRRO) within two weeks after the 180 days.

Conference visas

Travel to India for a conference, seminar or workshop (whether hosted by a public or private entity) requires a conference visa, entitling stays up to 30 days. These visas are single entry.

For more information about visas, expats and travellers can visit the website of the Bureau of Immigration.

*Visa regulations are subject to change at short notice and expats should contact their respective embassy or consulate for the latest details. 

Working in India – particularly in large cities – has become increasingly popular as the country has become known as one of the world's leading economies. As the second-most populous country in the world, India's market is also one of the largest economies in terms of spending power. 

Foreigners are generally made to feel welcome in the Indian workplace, but making an effort to adapt to local business culture is important – many companies send their expat employees for cross-cultural training to smooth the transition.

Job market in India

Where expats choose to base themselves in India will largely shape the job market they will encounter. Delhi, as the country's capital city, boasts a diverse economy and cosmopolitan environment, while Bengaluru is nicknamed India's Silicon Valley, and Mumbai is a commercial, entertainment and fashion hub.

Competition for jobs in India is fierce, perhaps more so now than ever as the global economy has been hit by diverse impacts of the coronavirus health crisis. Although Indian universities produce large numbers of qualified graduates, the supply cannot keep pace with the rapid growth in certain sectors of the economy, and graduates' level of experience is often limited. Companies search for candidates with appropriate and extensive experience, and this is often found in the pool of skilled international applicants.

India is home to one of the world's fastest-growing IT industries and the country is now one of the major exporters of software services. Engineering is another rapidly growing sector, from computer science and infrastructure, to manufacturing, petroleum and steel. 

Other major employers for expats moving to India are the banking, textiles and tourism industries. Expats with skills and experience in marketing and sales will also find job opportunities aplenty as companies look to tap into the potential of the Indian market. English-speaking educators can find teaching positions at international schools, but these posts are highly sought after.

Large multinational companies often outsource professional jobs to India thanks to lower labour costs. This has been controversial in some Western countries, but it does mean that numerous international companies have an Indian presence, creating potential opportunities for experienced senior expats as well as younger professionals.

As Indian companies look to expand globally, they look for foreigners who are willing to start their careers in India and help the business grow elsewhere. Expat job seekers should keep in mind that, given the competition for employment in India, landing a job immediately isn’t a given.

Finding a job in India

Expats working in India often relocate through an intra-company transfer, as large foreign multinationals have a strong presence in the country. This is why networking is so important when it comes to finding work in India.

For those without any connection in India, job opportunities can be explored using online job portals and social networking sites such as LinkedIn. Online resources provide a good overview of the job market and are usually available in English. Companies may also advertise positions on their websites so it is worth checking individual company sites. 

Recruitment agencies can also assist expats in their search for employment, but we suggest ensuring that the recruitment agency is reputable; many recruiters in India charge huge sums of money without any results. It's best to go with recommendations from colleagues within the industry and avoid making any payments upfront. Relocation companies can also steer expats in the right direction.

Once expats have secured a contract, they must apply for the appropriate work permit and employment visa.

Work culture in India

A major adjustment to India's work culture is the typical business hours: employees in India start work later in the morning than in other countries and, therefore, finish later too. Working hours are usually from 9am or 10am to 6pm, Mondays through Fridays and, for some companies, Saturdays too – plus overtime. Of course, this varies across regions and companies, as well as individuals who may opt to start work earlier. These hours can impact a healthy work-life balance and we suggest expat employees find a routine that best suits their lifestyles.

The quality of healthcare in India varies, but expats living in major cities such as Delhi, Mumbai and Bengaluru shouldn't struggle to find highly-qualified and experienced English-speaking medical practitioners at private hospitals. Healthcare facilities in rural areas are more limited.

Most expats make use of private healthcare in India seeing that state funding for public healthcare is shockingly low. Of course, private healthcare doesn't come cheap, and we recommend expats definitely take out private health insurance to cover their medical bills.

Given its large size, the cost of living in India varies considerably. Many new arrivals are surprised to find that living costs in major cities can be pricey, though perhaps less so than in large European and North American cities.

The 2022 Mercer Cost of Living Survey ranked Mumbai and New Delhi as 127th and 155th respectively out of the 227 cities studied. The costs of living in Chennai, Bengaluru and Kolkata are lower at 177th, 178th and 203rd respectively.

Expats who negotiate a lucrative relocation package in India can often afford luxuries that they wouldn’t be able to at home, such as domestic services and chauffeurs and having home-cooked lunches delivered to the office.

Cost of accommodation in India

Accommodation is likely to be an expat's biggest expense in India, with property in New Delhi and Mumbai being particularly expensive. Wherever possible, expats should try to negotiate a housing allowance or complimentary housing into their employment package.

Expats without assistance from their employers will likely need to factor in the costs for hiring a real-estate agent or relocation company to assist with the home search and lease negotiations. These expenses may be high, though varied.

Cost of healthcare in India

Expats moving to India will have access to relatively cheap healthcare services with good standards. They will, however, have to factor in the cost of health insurance if it isn't covered by their employer. Medical insurance packages may vary in terms of cover, and it's often best to invest in an international company that includes most hospitals and facilities.

Cost of education in India

Expat children can attend public schools in India, but their standards aren't in line with what most expat parents would expect. Instead, expat children usually attend international schools. Fees vary between private schools, but they are generally high. Securing a place at popular international schools in India is difficult, and calling upon contacts or even paying bribes to secure a place isn't unheard of. The latter is not advised. Instead, expats should try to negotiate a schooling allowance into employment contracts.

Cost of groceries and eating out in India

Expats who buy local produce will find that everyday groceries are cheap in India. Shopping at vegetable markets allows expats to eat fresh seasonal produce while supporting local vendors. Those who buy imported Western foods will have a considerably higher bill.

The cost of entertainment and eating out in India will vary according to an expat’s personal preferences. It's possible to eat out inexpensively in India, especially if expats are willing to try local cuisine and street food.

With its unmatched diversity and a contrasting character that can both be enthralling and mystifying, India may hold some culture shock for new arrivals. The country's humid climate, muddled traffic blocks and a hodgepodge of overexcited hawkers and guides are a lot to handle initially.

But the country also welcomes all new arrivals with considerable warmth, and the sights and smells often are what those who leave miss most. 

Bureaucracy in India

Getting things done in India may take longer than what expats may be used to. Processes often seem inefficient and time consuming. Expats may find they receive conflicting information depending on who they talk to. It is best to exercise patience and persistence, as getting angry won't solve the problem.

Networking and building relationships with locals and therefore having contacts within the right institutions can expedite processes. 

Women in India

Banks in India have something of a reputation for cumbersome bureaucracy, but most of them provide convenient services once expats have managed to navigate the red tape. Paying taxes can also be challenging but is much easier with the help of a local specialist.

Another thing expats will have to get used to is the Indian numbering system. In the Indian numbering system, the lakh and crore are the main terms to be familiar with. Lakh is a unit that equals 100,000, while 100 lakhs is one crore or 10 million. Globally, commas are put after every three digits when dealing with large numbers. In India, a comma is placed after every two digits past the 100,000 mark (1,00,000). This can be confusing, especially when dealing with financial statements. This way of dealing with numbers is an interesting and perhaps unexpected element of culture shock in India.

Money in India

The official currency in India is the rupee, abbreviated as INR, and it's controlled by the Reserve Bank of India (RBI).

The rupee is technically subdivided into 100 paise, but coins that are valued less than 1 rupee are no longer in circulation. Getting change is often difficult in India, so keeping a stock of smaller denominations is wise.

Here are the frequently used banknotes and coins in India:

• Notes: INR 10, 20, 50, 100, 200, 500 and 2,000

• Coins: INR 1, 2, 5 and 10 

To get local currency, there are several factors to consider. India restricts visitors and tourists from bringing any Indian currency into the country, while residents can bring in a maximum of INR 25,000, and large sums of foreign cash must be declared. It's best to explore the different options for obtaining local rupees in the country.

Expats can exchange money at the airport, though the rate is unlikely to be favourable. It's possible to exchange money at local and international banks in India, and there are also organisations or money changers approved by the RBI where foreign currency can be exchanged.

Banking in India

The Indian banking sector is robust and offers numerous services in public, private and international banks. Public sector banks include Punjab National Bank, Central Bank of India, Bank of Baroda and State Bank of India. Private sector banks include ICICI Bank and HDFC Bank, while international and foreign-owned banks such as Standard Chartered Bank and HSBC also operate in India.

Opening a bank account

A select few types of bank accounts in India can be held by non-residents. Some may only apply to Non-Resident Indians (NRIs) and persons of Indian origin (PIOs), while the main account type available to all foreign citizens in India is called the Non-Resident Ordinary Rupee Account Scheme, also known as NRO accounts.

Most banks offer a non-resident (NRO) savings or current account for expats who earn an income in India. Features vary between banks but account holders will at least be provided with debit or credit cards as well as internet and phone banking.

Most NRO accounts will require expats to maintain an average quarterly balance. While the amount may differ depending on the bank, failure to maintain the balance will result in a penalty fee.

Opening a bank account is normally a simple process if expats provide the necessary documents. Some bank accounts can be opened online, without the need to physically go into a branch. Many expats have their company open an account for them, which is often with an international bank.

To open a bank account in India, expats will generally need to provide proof of identity, proof of address and copies of their passport and visa as well as a mobile phone number. Some bank accounts require applicants to provide a 12-digit Aadhaar number (Indian identification number) as well as a 10-character PAN or permanent account number (tax number). For information on Aadhaar, visit the official Unique Identification Authority of India (UIDAI) website.

Credit cards and ATMs

ATMs and bank branches are easily accessible in major cities and towns. Credit cards are widely accepted and most banks offer internet banking services. Still, it's advisable to carry cash when travelling outside of major cities.

Taxes in India

Expats who live in India for 182 days or more in a year are considered to be tax residents and will have to pay tax on their local income. Personal income tax in India is progressive up to 30 percent.

India has full double tax avoidance agreements with many countries, and expats should confirm whether their home country falls under this list or not.

Individual taxpayers earning above a given threshold must file an individual tax return and expats can do this themselves online. Given that tax in India is relatively complicated, expats who aren't especially tax-savvy or simply prefer for a professional to complete the process can enlist the help of an accountant or tax consultant.

Getting a tax number

In India, a tax number is referred to as a Permanent Account Number or PAN. Not all expats in India will need to obtain a PAN, although this unique identifier is essential in certain instances, including for filing tax returns.

To get a PAN in India, the best resource is the Tax Information Network website. Here, many tax-related processes, including linking the Aadhar with the PAN, can be done swiftly online provided the available e-services and support.

For the latest info, also see the Indian Government's Income Tax Department website.

An ancient country rich in culture and diversity, expats moving to India will discover it's a veritable feast for the senses if they’re willing to step out of their comfort zone.

Living in India as an expat

Few places compare in scale to the world’s second-most populous country, and the sheer size and sensory richness can be overwhelming. There is great pride in diversity here, and local culture is strong, although Westerners are likely to experience some culture shock as customs in India are often vastly different from Western norms.

Still, one major benefit of moving to the subcontinent is that communicating with locals is generally easy. English is widely spoken and is frequently the language of business in India.

The largest employing sectors in India are textiles and agriculture, but most opportunities for skilled expats come from areas such as IT, financial services, pharmaceuticals and telecommunications. Expats living and working in the country shouldn’t struggle to meet their basic needs. The quality of public services such as healthcare varies between regions, but expats who can afford it prefer using the private sector.

After applying for visas, the biggest challenge expats are likely to face is finding suitable housing. There is a high demand for good quality accommodation, and expats should seek their employer's assistance, or else enlist the services of a reputable state agent.

Cost of living in India

Living costs won't bother those expats who earn in a foreign currency. Even expats who earn local currency but work in skilled roles will live very comfortably. That said, new arrivals are often uncomfortable with the remarkable wealth gap visible on the streets of teeming cities such as Mumbai, New Delhi and Bengaluru. Despite record growth for more than two decades, India has one of the world’s starkest wealth gaps. 

Expat families and children

India is often overlooked as an expat family destination, but in reality the country is a wonderful place to raise a family. Though public schools lack funding, most expats send their children to one of the many excellent private or international schools available in every major city. Travelling around India and experiencing the country's many breathtaking sights, smells and tastes are also great family activities, while it is also ideally located to explore further east.

Climate in India 

India's vast terrain makes for a variety of climatic conditions. Two climatic subtypes prevail across India: a tropical monsoon climate, particularly in the south which has high humidity, and a tropical climate bringing both wet and dry periods. The southern regions experience their mildest temperatures between January and September, while in the northeast the months from March to August are more bearable.

Overall, India provides a welcome mixture of high-quality living, adventure and cultural exploration, making it an expat destination with much to offer.

Fast facts

Population: Over 1.4 billion

Capital city: New Delhi

Largest city: Mumbai

Neighbouring countries: India shares borders with China, Bhutan and Nepal to the northeast, Pakistan to the west, Bangladesh and Myanmar to the east. India is also bound by a vast coastline, stretching from the Arabian Sea in the southwest to the Indian Ocean in the south, and finally to the Bay of Bengal to the southeast.

Geography: India is a large and geographically diverse country. The northern areas of India are largely defined by the Himalayan mountain range while the Deccan Plateau occupies the western and southern part of the country. 

Political system: Federal parliamentary constitutional republic

Major religion: Hinduism

Main languages: Hindi and English. There are an estimated 447 native languages spoken among smaller minorities.

Money: The official currency is the Indian Rupee (INR). This was divided into 100 paise, though these denominations are no longer legal tender. It's relatively easy for expats to set up a local bank account and ATMs are easy to find.

Tipping: Standard 5 to 10 percent

Time: GMT +5.5

Electricity: 230V, 50Hz. Most plugs have two (Type C plugs) or three (Type D plugs) round pins.

International dialling code: +91

Emergency contacts: 112

Internet domain: .in

Transport and driving: The standard of public transport in India is highly varied, but networks are extensive. Driving is on the left-hand side of the road.