Japanese embassies

• Japanese Embassy, Washington DC, United States: +1 202 238 6700

• Japanese Embassy, London, United Kingdom: +44 20 7465 6500

• Japanese Embassy, Ottawa, Canada: +1 613 241 8541

• Japanese Embassy, Canberra, Australia: +61 2 6273 3244

• Japanese Embassy, Pretoria, South Africa: +27 12 452 1500

• Japanese Embassy, Dublin, Ireland: +353 1 202 8300

• Japanese Embassy, Wellington, New Zealand: +64 4 473 1540

Foreign embassies in Japan

• United States Embassy, Tokyo: +81 3 3224 5000

• British Embassy, Tokyo: +81 3 5211 1100

• Canadian Embassy, Tokyo: +81 3 5412 6200

• Australian Embassy, Tokyo: +81 3 5232 4111

• South African Embassy, Tokyo: +81 3 3265 3366

• Irish Embassy, Tokyo: +81 3 3263 0695

• New Zealand Embassy, Tokyo: +81 3 3467 2271

Japan is one of the safest countries in the world. While one should always use common sense and be aware, walking around is quite safe, even at night. Nevertheless, it's always important to take standard precautions in crowds and nightspots and to avoid areas where one may be isolated and feel unsafe.

There is a highly developed sense of moral duty and correct behaviour instilled in children from a young age in Japan, which means that people generally take care of each other.

Crime in Japan

As with any other major tourist destination, pickpocketing in crowded spaces targeting tourists and foreigners occasionally occurs, particularly in Tokyo. Expats should take care of their passports and other valuables in airports and public transport areas.

In particular, certain red-light and entertainment districts in Tokyo are often targeted by thieves. Popular expat nightlife spots in Tokyo like Roppongi, as well as Shinjuku, Shibuya and Ikebukuro, have been flagged as high-risk for credit card fraud, assault and theft, as well as drink-spiking. Expats should be aware of their surroundings, take care of their possessions and not leave drinks unattended in these areas. 

Earthquakes in Japan

Japan is located in the most seismically active area in the world, and there's a real and ever-present danger of earthquakes and tsunamis, as well as typhoons. Minor tremors occur regularly, and occasional large quakes – such as the massive March 2011 quake that resulted in extensive damage and loss of life – do occur. It's imperative to be prepared by being aware of local government disaster plans. It's also advisable to establish contact with one's embassy upon arrival in Japan. Although Japan is one of the most earthquake-prone countries in the world, the early warning systems that have been put in place are very reliable and have helped prevent further damage.

Emergency response in Japan

• Police: 110

• Ambulance and fire: 119

Despite its small size, Japan has a variable climate.

Tokyo has a climate similar to New York City. Summers (June, July and August) are hot and humid, while winters are freezing and snowy. Tokyo's weather is best in springtime and autumn. Both seasons offer a respite from the extreme conditions they precede and follow.

The weather in Osaka is more temperate. Winters are pretty mild, with highs above 50°F (10°C). Snowfall is rare and usually light. On the other hand, summers can be hot, moist and rainy. Temperatures can get as high as 95°F (35°C) with very high humidity. Rainfall is also abundant in Osaka.

Sapporo has a humid continental climate – hot and wet summers and chilly, snowy winters. Sapporo is a former Winter Olympic Games city and can get up to 72 inches of snow (1,829mm) in January alone. Skiing is, therefore, a very popular activity in the area.
 

Expats might find that the degree of culture shock in Japan can be extreme. In addition to the language barrier, which increases the further from Tokyo one goes, Japanese society has developed a very fixed code of acceptable conduct, especially in the realm of business. Foreigners, or gaijin, very seldom fit into this code without making a considerable effort.

But the Japanese are also very hospitable and friendly towards foreigners, whom they regard honoured visitors to their country. If wanting to fit in and become part of Japanese society, the onus will be on expats to learn the language, customs and traditions. 

Language barrier in Japan

Learning Japanese can be extremely challenging if expats want to go beyond the basics of conversation. Besides the difficulty of learning to read and write Japanese characters, there are highly intricate systems of formal language that even native Japanese speakers find complex and challenging to master.

In general, the Japanese are quite forgiving of language mistakes made by foreigners, but it's advisable to be overly polite, humble and cautious, particularly within the context of business interactions.

Non-verbal communication in Japan

As the Japanese value maintaining harmony, they are not the most vocal people. Facial expression, tone of voice and posture are often used to demonstrate one's feelings on an issue. Frowning while someone is speaking can be interpreted as a sign of disagreement. Expats may find that the Japanese maintain an impassive expression when speaking. 

While making eye contact is essential, one should avoid staring into another person's eyes for an extended amount of time. This is particularly essential when in the presence of someone senior in terms of either age or status. 

Work ethic in Japan

The Japanese work ethic is something that foreigners typically struggle to get to grips with. The workplace in Japan is competitive, and people are willing to go the extra mile to stand out from the competition. 

A workweek of 70 to 80 hours isn't unheard of, and the Japanese are very reluctant to take sick days. Overtime is seen as standard, and it's normal to stay late at the office, even if there isn't any work to be done.

Punctuality is highly valued, and the Japanese rarely arrive at meetings or appointments even a minute late. It's considered rude and disrespectful to arrive late or unprepared.

Saving face in Japan

The concept of saving face is crucial in Japanese society. The Japanese try to avoid confrontation or causing a person any form of embarrassment by putting them on the spot. If expats encounter a personal problem with someone, they should address the issue with the individual privately.

Similarly, rejecting an invitation or request in Japan is considered rude. Instead of directly saying no, one should rather say they will consider the invitation or propose an alternative.

*If a public holiday falls on a Sunday, the following Monday becomes a holiday. 

It's widely acknowledged that Japan's public transport system in one of the world's best. Clean, efficient and far-reaching, the integrated network of public transport throughout the country makes it easy to get wherever one might need to go. Though tickets are fairly pricey, travellers can relax knowing that timetables are strictly followed and delays are rare.

Accommodation in Japan

– CON: High prices, small spaces

With such a tightly packed population, space comes at a premium, particularly in major cities like Tokyo. Japanese accommodation is universally small and expensive, so expats moving here will have to get used to paying more for less.

Cost of living in Japan

– CON: Japan is hard on the wallet

It's no secret that Japan is an expensive place to live, with Tokyo frequently claiming the top spot in worldwide cost of living surveys. The quality of life is second to none, but it's important that expats ensure that they will be paid enough to comfortably shoulder these expenses.

Keeping in touch in Japan

+ PRO: Outstanding communications infrastructure

Almost everyone has a smartphone and it's easy to keep in touch. Internet enters most homes via super high-speed fibre optic. Even after the earthquake of March 2011, the networks were still up and running. Nothing ever seems to break.

– CON: Time zone

For the typical expat from Europe or America, the time zone difference to Japan is about as hard as it can be. Eight hours between London or California and 11 hours to New York can make work schedules problematic. Organising Skype sessions with family back home is something to be planned rather than a spontaneous chat.

Culture shock in Japan

– CON: Language difficulties

The language barrier in Japan is an unfortunate reality and can be a major obstacle for newly arrived expats. Both speaking and reading Japanese are notoriously hard to master. English has few similarities with the language, and native English speakers often struggle to find a jumping-off point. Not being able to speak the local language can lead to feelings of isolation, but simply putting in the effort to try to communicate in Japanese will earn favour with the locals.

Lifestyle in Japan

+ PRO: Some of the world's best food

Eating out in Japan is a dream come true. Tokyo is famously home to more Michelin-star restaurants than Paris. While sushi lovers will be right at home in Japan, there's much to explore in Japanese cuisine. It has a myriad of different dishes to offer at a range of prices from budget to bank breaking.

Kobe beef is literally melt-in-the-mouth, whereas tonkatsu (a breaded, deep-fried pork cutlet) will be familiar but satisfying. Teppanyaki (a style of Japanese cuisine cooked on an iron griddle, usually in front of customers) will set diners back a small fortune but is well worth it. Equally delicious but much cheaper yakiniku (grilled meat) is another top choice.

+ PRO: Seemingly endless entertainment options

A country at the forefront of worldwide music and entertainment trends, Japan is brimming with things to see and do, especially in the capital. From Tokyo Disneyland to anime-and-manga districts such as Akihabara, it's hard to get bored in Tokyo. Themed restaurants and cafes can be found in abundance with plenty to choose from.

With high-tech infrastructure across the country, expats should have no trouble keeping in touch in Japan. The island nation is known for its advanced technology, so finding ways to communicate with loved ones back home is easy and affordable.

Internet in Japan

A number of different internet service providers exist across Japan, all offering different services and high-speed internet. Prices vary by type of service, term of contract and current promotions. Some providers have better English-language support than others, with Sakura Fiber Internet being a frequently recommended option for expats. Major providers include NTT Docomo and Asahi Net/

WiFi hotspots can also be found throughout Japan (and can be especially useful while waiting for internet access at home). These are plentiful in major city centres, operating from various locations such as coffee shops, hotels and subway stations.

Mobile phones in Japan

Japan is a leader in mobile phone technology, and with cheaper VoIP and mobile options becoming more popular, landline telephones are slowly being phased out. Softbank, NTT Docomo and AU are the three main mobile providers. Both contract and prepaid options are available with prices and plans varying by company, phone, plan, contract and current promotions.

Postal services in Japan

Japan Post is the country's national postage service and, like much in the country, it's efficient and reliable. International and local shipping costs are reasonable. Various commercial courier services are also available, including FedEx and DHL.

Accessibility in Japan

As one might expect from a progressive place like Japan, government and corporations apply technology and innovative design to make things as accessible as possible. Naturally, cities and large urban centres are more open to wheelchair users and prepared for visually impaired people than rural locations. In commercial districts, sidewalks are smooth with cut curbs, while small roads have a pedestrian lane indicated by white lines instead of raised paving.

The world’s first tactile sidewalk tiles, called Tenji blocks, were invented in Japan over 50 years ago. Long lines show directions, and circles indicate caution. "Tenji" means "Braille", which you’ll find everywhere – though it’s unique to Japan and different to English Braille, it can be learned.

Trains

All train stations have ramps, elevators and stairlifts, except for a few on the outskirts of cities. Every ticket gate has at least one mobility-accessible lane. Tickets can be bought at wheelchair level (in English via touchscreens) and staff are on hand to assist and even take passengers with additional travel needs directly to their train.

Taxis and vans

Many modern taxis (called JapanTaxi) are modelled on London’s famous ‘black cab’ shape and size. They have ramps and seat one manual wheelchair user plus a companion. Standard taxis will stow a foldable wheelchair in their boot. For electric wheelchair users, there are vans and minibuses which must be booked in advance.

Buses

Buses to and from airports are not wheelchair accessible but standard city buses have ramps and a dedicated space with safety belts. The ramp must be set up by the bus driver, making it less convenient than train travel.

LGBTQ+ in Japan

Homosexuality has been legal in Japan since 1880 under the Napoleonic code. LGBTQ+ rights are relatively progressive by Asian standards, though some provisions lack full legal status. For example, some municipalities and prefectures now issue ‘partnership certificates’ recognising same-sex relationships. While this benefits same-sex couples, it doesn't give the relationship legal status equal to heterosexual marriage.

Japanese culture has no history of hostility toward the gay community – and surveys show most Japanese citizens accept homosexuality. Discrimination based on sexual orientation or gender identity is banned in certain cities.

Useful links

www.lgbtyouthjapan.jimdo.com
www.stonewalljapan.org

Gender equality in Japan

Japan falls behind most industrialised nations, including its Asian neighbours, in gender equality. The country sits at 120th out of 153 countries ranked by the World Economic Forum.

Women earn under half of what their male counterparts earn and have limited decision-making authority in business or politics. Policies such as ‘Womenomics’ and various phases of the Basic Plan for Gender Equality are delivering progress. However, these are derived from economic strategy rather than driven by societal impacts and the need to improve women’s holistic well-being, from safety and security to health, dignity and self-fulfilment. That said, pressure from within and from global corporations outside of Japan is helping to promote greater equality against historic cultural barriers – with ambitious targets set for the next 10 years.

Women in leadership in Japan

Japan has the lowest percentage of women in managerial positions of any OECD country – 8 percent – even though women represent 49 percent of the working population. The reasons are complex and not simply one of discrimination or patriarchy.

Mental health in Japan

It's not uncommon to experience problems with emotional well-being through concerns about work, family, finances, or the future while neglect or abuse may also negatively affect one's mental health.

Psychiatric support for mental health is widely available in Japan, and 70 percent of the cost is covered by national health insurance. Although less affordable and not financially supported, counselling is also popular in Japan.

Unconscious bias in Japan

Bias around gender, age and ethnicity inhibits effective hiring, limits development, and lowers staff morale. The government and universities are promoting fairness and impartiality, with the reasoning being that: "originality is created through the constructive clash of people with different views and backgrounds. In that sense, having diversity is crucial."

Diversification of the workforce in Japan

Although Japan is an ethnically homogenous country – 98 percent of the population is Japanese – it is a tolerant country that welcomes visitors and overseas professionals. Any ethnic hostility tends to be xenophobia targeted at Chinese and Korean labourers. People of colour, especially African Americans, are well received in urban Japan, where black culture ("burakku") is popular in Japanese youth culture.

Safety in Japan

Japan is one of the safest places in the world. The government has stepped up efforts to combat any kind of crime by boosting police numbers and widening the use of security cameras. Children walk home and explore shopping malls without adult supervision and people leave bags unattended while visiting bathrooms.

That said, crimes against Japanese women are thought to be under-reported. Japanese public transport is world famous for punctuality, service, and the large crowds of people using it. Several train companies have introduced women-only cars, especially at peak times to fully protect female passengers.

Calendar initiatives in Japan

4 January – World Braille Day
4 February – World Cancer Day
8 March – International Women’s Day
April – Tokyo Rainbow Price
7 April – World Health Day
1 May – International Labour Day
18 May – Global Accessibility Awareness Day
July – Rainbow Reel Tokyo
8 September – World Literacy Day
10 September – World Suicide Prevention Day
10 October –World Mental Health Day
14 November – World Diabetes Day
18 November – End Child Sex Abuse Day
25 November – International Day for the Elimination of Violence against Women
1 December – World AIDS Day
3 December – International Day of People with Disabilities

Education options for expat families in Japan are plentiful – particularly in large cities such as Tokyo, Osaka and Nagoya. These options largely depend on how long expats plan to stay in Japan, the age of their children, and their location.

Public and private schools in Japan

In Japan, the Ministry of Education determines the national curriculum, though schools and teachers choose how to present the material. General subjects are taught in Japanese, though some schools offer international tracks.

Elementary schools are generally assigned by location, though it's possible to choose a private school. Some private schools are highly esteemed with the result that admission is competitive. Public junior high schools are either assigned by location or admission based. This depends on the city and admissions are often more common in large cities. Public high schools require entrance examinations and competition is fierce.

Elementary school is more relaxed, as one might expect of primary education, but junior high and high school can quickly become overwhelming and stressful to students, and potentially more so for foreign children who have not grown up in the system and are unfamiliar with the language.

International schools in Japan

International schools are one of the most popular options for expat families in Japan. The accreditation systems and curricula of these institutions vary depending on the type of school and its country of origin. Most will teach in English, but some schools cater specifically to French, German, Portuguese, Chinese and Korean expats, as well as some other nationalities.

Many schools use an American-based curriculum, while some utilise the British or Canadian system. Some schools also incorporate a religious curriculum (typically Christian-based), but not all do so.

Admission requirements for international schools vary widely from school to school. Some require a certain level of English ability (if English isn't the child's first language). Tuition and costs also vary, though fees are typically extremely high. Aside from basic tuition costs, there may be additional costs for uniforms, extra-curriculars, field trips, bus services and even technology and building-maintenance fees.

Homeschooling in Japan

Homeschooling is another common option among expats in Japan. Though technically not illegal, there are also no specific legal provisions in favour of homeschooling, so it can be something of a grey area. Elementary and junior high school are compulsory in Japan, whereas high school is optional, so parents must request permission from their 'enrolled' school to homeschool their children. The 'enrolled school' is typically the school assigned based on the expat's address, but school for the middle grades subscribes to different appointments according to the specific city or district.

In principle, schools generally understand the situation and agreeing to the expat's request makes their job easier, particularly if the school does not have English support.

Special-needs education in Japan

The Japanese government is focused on creating an inclusive society in which educational needs are met for each individual student. In line with this, the vast majority of children with special needs are taught in regular public schools. The method of assistance in Japanese public schools will depend on the child’s disabilities and the severity thereof. Options range from being taught in regular classes to attending special resource rooms a few times a week, to special-needs education classes. 

Children with acute disabilities may benefit from attending dedicated special-needs schools. These schools are run by local governments and have classes from kindergarten to senior high school. The curriculum in these schools is the same as in public schools, but they also have added activities that teach daily living skills.

Various international schools also offer support for certain conditions or disabilities, though usually at an additional fee. There are also schools following the Waldorf-Steiner and Montessori methods. These have a more flexible approach to education and are known to cater to individual students’ needs.

Tutors in Japan

Schooling in Japan is competitive. It’s therefore common for students to have multiple tutors for different school subjects. Especially for expat children, having a tutor in Japan may be useful. A tutor can assist a child to maintain their mother tongue or help them study Japanese. If a child is attending a school with a new curriculum, a tutor is an excellent way of catching up with what they are behind on.

Tutoring is popular in Japan, which has led to many tutoring companies popping up across the country. Though expats may be spoilt for choice, they should do thorough research on all options before choosing a tutor. Schools will also often recommend trustworthy tutors.

Temporary visitors to Japan will need a visitor visa for stays of up to 90 days, although citizens from countries such as the USA, UK, Canada and Australia, as well as EU nationals, are exempt from this.

All visitors intending to stay in Japan for longer than three months will need to apply for a long-term visa. While on a tourist visa in Japan, sightseeing and tourist activities are allowed, but engaging in employment is illegal.

Temporary visas for Japan

Those not from a visa-exempt country who would like to visit for tourism purposes, to attend conferences or for the purpose of conducting research are required to apply for a temporary visa for Japan. Depending on a person’s nationality and the purpose of their visit, these are valid for 15, 30 or 90 days and can be applied for at a Japanese embassy or consulate before arriving in the country. Applicants will need to complete an application form and submit proof of return flights.

If travelling to Japan on business, additional documents may be required such as a letter from the applicant’s company stating the nature of their visit.

Long-term visas for Japan

Those intending to live and work in the country for an extended period need to apply for a long-term visa for Japan. There are different requirements depending on one’s purpose in the country. Long-term visas should be applied for before entry into Japan. Work permits for Japan fall under this category.

Those wishing to study, live or work in Japan are required to obtain a Certificate of Eligibility before applying for a long-term visa at a Japanese embassy. The certificate is applied for by the applicant’s sponsor in Japan, such as their employer or school, on their behalf and testifies that the bearer meets the requirements for a visa. It's valid for three months, so the applicant then needs to obtain their visa and arrive in Japan before the certificate expires.

There's no need for expats to change their visa status if they change employers while in Japan, as long as they still work in the same visa category (English teachers, copywriters and translators all fall under the Specialist in Humanities category, for example). Visas can be renewed from within Japan on an annual basis at the local Immigration Office.

Getting a residence card for Japan

Visitors who arrive in Japan on a long-term visa, and those intending to work in the country, will need to get a residence card (known as a Zairyu Card). This can be done on arrival at any of Japan’s main airports.  If not arriving at one of the designated international airports, the card will be delivered in the mail.

The residence card grants expats in Japan the right to multiple re-entries into the country and is valid for up to five years. Having a residence card in Japan makes life much easier for expats and allows them to engage with the country’s infrastructure by opening a bank account, getting a mobile phone contract, a driver’s licence or registering for the National Health Insurance benefits.

Permanent residency in Japan

Applying for permanent residency in Japan is based on a point system. Expats applying for permanent residence will have to complete a form that will give a score based on factors like profession, work experience, academic qualifications, age, achievements and salary. Scores can also be boosted by proving knowledge of the Japanese language.

*Visa and work permit requirements are subject to change at short notice and expats are advised to contact their nearest Japanese embassy or consulate for the latest information.

Transport in Japan is generally fast, efficient and reliable (albeit crowded during rush hour). Expats living in large cities have easy access to every form of transportation – making owning and driving a car unnecessary. What’s more, expats needing to travel long distances will find that trains connect the country very well, and buses travel over extensive networks.

That said, smaller cities and towns typically have more infrequent or less accessible options. Expats considering living in one of these locations may have a harder time getting around and may want to consider buying a car.

Public transport in Japan

Expats will not be disappointed by the availability and the excellent standard of public transport in Japan. The country has some of the fastest and most modern rail services. Buses also provide a means of getting to more isolated locations in Japan.

Trains

Rail is one of the fastest and most efficient ways of getting around in Japan. Super express trains, otherwise known as shinkansen, connect most of the country’s major cities, allowing for fast commute times and accessibility for expats, locals and tourists alike. Japan Railways (JR) owns and manages all shinkansen trains. Tickets can be purchased online, at JR stations or via designated sellers. Expats who travel regularly should obtain the relevant smartcard for their area.  These act as rechargeable tickets when riding JR and some private lines. Simply recharge the card as often as necessary.

Most major cities, such as Tokyo, Yokohama and Osaka, have subway systems.

Buses

Where a train line ends, a bus often starts. In major tourist areas, English will be displayed on the screen and spoken over a speaker. In smaller cities, Japanese will be the only language displayed or heard. Most train stations with bus terminals will have some kind of bus information booth, often with someone on staff during the day to help. However, English can be limited. 

Cycling in Japan

No matter where one lives in Japan, it would be nearly impossible to go a day without seeing someone riding the ubiquitous bicycle. Most train stations and public areas provide large bicycle parking areas to cater to the vast majority of people who often travel on two wheels.

This also includes scooters, which require a special licence to operate but are typically much easier and cheaper than driving a car. Most bicycles used for daily commutes are fondly known as mama-chari – inexpensive, plain and practical, often with a front basket. However, speciality bike shops sell popular mountain, road and cross-country bikes.

Taxis in Japan

Taxis are popular transport options for those expats living in big cities without cars. Beware though that rates are very expensive and run up quickly. Many drivers don't speak English fluently, so it's best to know the destination in Japanese or have the address written down to show them. Ride-hailing services such as Uber are available in Japan's large cities. These eliminate the language barrier but can be expensive.

Driving in Japan

Many people in Japan do own a car, and it may be necessary to have one's own vehicle in some parts of the country. This is generally not needed in major cities, though, in which owning a car can be more of a hassle than a convenience.

Expats will usually need an International Driver’s Permit to drive in Japan when arriving, though some nationalities can use their licence from home as long as it's translated. These licences are valid for up to one year, after which it's necessary to get a Japanese driver’s licence. Some nationalities can simply swap their home-country licence for a Japanese one, while others will have to take a written and practical driving test before receiving a Japanese licence.

Despite some recent economic and environmental challenges, Japan remains one of the world’s key economies and an important business destination for expats.

The efficiency and simplicity of business in Japan are demonstrated in the country's favourable rankings in several international surveys, including the World Bank's Ease of Doing Business Survey for 2020, where it ranked 29th out of 190 countries. Japan scored well in categories such as resolving insolvency (3rd) and dealing with construction permits (18th), but fell short in areas such as ease of starting a business (106th) and getting credit (94th).

The biggest drawbacks to doing business in Japan are the cumbersome and expensive tax regimens and the complexity involved in starting a business. In addition, Japanese culture and business practices contain many pitfalls for the uninformed businessperson. Understanding these will be key to success.

Fast facts

Business hours

Japan is known for some of the longest working hours in the world, although the usual work week in Japan is from 8am to 5pm, Monday to Friday. By law, employees aren't supposed to work more than 40 hours a week, but most work significantly longer hours as it's seen as a sign of dedication to the workplace.

Business language

Japanese is the official language of business in Japan. English is not widely spoken and a translator will be required for most business meetings.

Dress

Formal business attire is expected. Dark suits are commonly worn. 

Greetings

Greetings are formal and usually involve a bow of the head and then a handshake. The most senior member of a delegation should be greeted first.

Gifts

Gifts are not always expected, unless it's a small item branded by or representing one's company. The presentation of the gift is also important. Receiving a gift should be done using both hands.

Gender equality

Equality of men and women in the workplace is improving, but Japan is still well behind much of Europe and the US. 

Business culture in Japan 

To be successful in business in Japan, expats need to invest time getting to grips with the local business culture. There are many aspects of Japanese business etiquette that may seem odd to businesspeople from the West. However, it's important to embrace these nuances and engage appropriately with Japanese business associates if one wishes to be taken seriously within Japanese business circles.

Kaizen

Underlying Japanese business culture is the notion of 'kaizen' – the drive for constant improvement. This reflects in the hard work ethic, excellent customer service and never-ending quest to innovate and improve on business practices.

Formality and respect

When dealing with Japanese clients it's a good idea to be excessively formal in everything from conduct to dress code. There are specific unspoken rules of business etiquette governing most situations. When meeting hosts or business associates for the first time upon exchanging business cards, theirs should be received with both hands and an attitude of respect, as the card is taken to represent the individual. The delegation should be greeted in order of seniority, first bowing then offering handshakes.

Reflection and silence

Silence during meetings is not uncommon, even accompanied by closed eyes. While in the West this would signify the meeting is going rather badly, in Japan it indicates a period of reflection. Don't interrupt or feel the need to speak and fill the silence.

Saving face

Expats doing business in Japan should note that it's important to be sincere and honest, but without being confrontational or too direct. Vague forms of expression are best used – there's an art to deflecting a difficult question to avoid embarrassment or disappointment.

Networking 

Meetings often begin with excessive small talk as rapport is built and relationships are established. This phase mustn't be rushed. Note that decisions are seldom made in the actual meeting, where it's more usual to exchange information or confirm previously made decisions.

Socialising with colleagues

A calm, humble, introverted personality style is likely to be respected by the Japanese, while the brash extrovert is considered untrustworthy and offensive. There's an exception to this, though, and it starts once the meetings are over for the day and the evening's social activities commence. This is where the sombre, sober rules of engagement that govern the office culture can be suspended in favour of relaxed socialising. In fact, going drinking with a client and getting tipsy – or at least as tipsy as they are – may be considered a key part of solidifying the relationship and progressing the deal. Rest assured that nobody will speak of the evening’s more salacious events the next day once business etiquette is restored.

Dos and don’ts of business in Japan

• Do get bilingual business cards printed with Japanese on one side

• Don’t write on a Japanese business card, or wave it around or flick it

• Do accept a business card with two hands and a small bow, and treat it with respect

• Do use titles when greeting people

• Do be on time, or if being late is unavoidable, apologise profusely and repeatedly

• Don’t take any seat at a meeting, wait to be placed

• Do make notes during meetings, but avoid using red ink

Work permits in Japan give the holder permission to work and to enter the country, and are known as work visas. These can broadly be divided into working visas and highly skilled professional visas.

There are over 30 different work visas available for Japan. The type of work an expat intends to do will determine the permit they would apply for. Examples of work visa categories include professor, researcher, engineer, caregiver and entertainer. Of particular interest to foreigners is the specified skilled worker category, as well as the humanities specialist category, which includes foreign-language teachers.

Specified skilled worker visas in Japan

The specified skills visa is split into two categories. These visas aim to encourage foreign workers to fill employment gaps in the Japanese labour market.

Specified Skills Visa 1 (SSV1)

Expats who work in fields including agriculture, nursing care, shipbuilding, hospitality and construction can apply for this visa. The visa is valid for one year and can be renewed for a maximum of five years.

Foreigners with this visa aren’t able to bring dependants with them. Workers who wish to stay in Japan for more than five years, or who want to bring their family with them, can apply for the Visa 2-SSV2.

Specified Skills Visa 2 (SSV2)

This visa can be renewed indefinitely and visa holders are able to bring their family to Japan. At the moment, only foreigners already in Japan on the SSV1 visa and who have a high level of specialisation in their field are able to apply for this visa.

Certificate of Eligibility

For most types of work visas, expats will need a job offer from a company in Japan before applying. The hiring  company acts as the applicant’s sponsor and must supply them with a Certificate of Eligibility. This certificate testifies that the applicant meets the requirements for a visa. Once it has been obtained, the certificate is submitted as part of the expat's work visa application at the Japanese embassy in their home country.

*Visa and work permit regulations are subject to change at short notice and expats are advised to contact their nearest Japanese embassy or consulate for the latest information.

A small island in the Pacific, Japan has a big reputation for innovation in technology and is a bucket-list destination for many thanks to its fascinating history and culture. Expats moving to Japan often come for work initially, but end up staying longer than intended as they delve into the adventures and experiences that the island nation has to offer.

Living in Japan as an expat

Japan prides itself on its innovation, strong economy and rich heritage. Expats often comment on the friction between the country’s strong traditionalist roots and its worship of modern technology and forward-thinking ideals.

Like most major global cities, life in Tokyo is fast-paced and full of interesting and unusual experiences. In the countryside and smaller cities, expats will be more likely to taste the traditional Japan of old, commonly associated with tea ceremonies, tatami mats and rice paddies. While Kyoto feels more tranquil and laid-back, Osaka boasts a bustling nightlife and is a popular destination for live international performers.

Great pride is taken in Japanese regional variations and specialities, making for a strangely differentiated experience at times. That said, the entire country has an extremely well-developed infrastructure, with efficient public transport systems, postal services, communications technology and road networks.

Cost of living in Japan

Tokyo is infamous for being one of the world's most expensive cities to live in, and other major Japanese cities also command a pretty penny. Rural areas are much cheaper but salaries are lower, too, and most expats will find themselves in business centres rather than out in the countryside.

Working in Japan can be especially lucrative for expats. Despite the country’s reputation as one of the most expensive destinations in the world, competitive markets have made for good salary offerings for expats. We advise carefully calculating costs ahead of time, though, to ensure that the salary offered easily covers the high cost of living in Japan, especially Tokyo.

Expat families and children

Japan has a lot to offer families and is a wonderful place to raise children. The country is extremely safe, with little crime. Healthcare and schooling are of a high quality, though some expat parents prefer to send their child to an international school rather than a local one. On weekends, there's lots to explore, including Tokyo's very own Disneyland.

Climate in Japan

Japan has a varied climate, ranging from Tokyo's icy winters and humid summers to Osaka's more temperate conditions, marked by mild winters and rainy summers.

Expats moving to Japan with an open mind will find themselves immersed in the wonderful idiosyncrasies of Japanese culture, coupled with abundant opportunities for adventure and degrees of acculturation.

Fast facts

Population: About 126 million

Capital city: Tokyo (also largest city)

Neighbouring countries: Japan is an island nation in East Asia with its closest neighbours being North Korea, South Korea, Russia and China. 

Geography: Japan's terrain is mostly rugged with over 70 percent of the country being mountainous. The country's highest mountain is Mount Fuji which reaches an elevation of 3,776m (12,388 feet). Japan is also located in a volcanic zone. Low-level earthquakes and tremors are common. More severe earthquakes do occur occasionally. 

Political system: Unitary parliamentary constitutional monarchy

Major religions: Shinto and Buddhism

Main languages: Japanese. English is only spoken by a small percentage of the population, though younger locals in large cities are more likely to speak more fluent English.

Money: The Japanese Yen (JPY) is the official currency used in Japan. The banking system is sophisticated and ATMs are readily available throughout the country. 

Time: GMT+9

Electricity: 100V, 60Hz in the west (Osaka, Kyoto, Nagoya, Hiroshima), and 100V, 50Hz in the east (Tokyo, Sapporo, Yokohoma). Flat two- and three-pin plugs are used.

Internet domain: .jp

International dialling code: +81

Emergency numbers: 110 (police), 119 (ambulance/fire)

Driving: Cars drive on the left-hand side. Japan has an extensive and sophisticated public transport system. It's unlikely that expats living in the major cities will need a car.

From ancient history and traditions to fast-paced, vibrant cities, Japan is a fascinating destination for expats. New arrivals are sure to have many questions about their new home, so here are answers to some of the most frequently asked questions about Japan.

Do I need a car in Japan?

In the big cities, a car isn't necessary and could even be a liability. Petrol is costly in Japan, and there are many pricey toll roads. Add to this the cost of car maintenance (roadworthiness tests, licence fees etc.), and it becomes exorbitant, even though the car itself might have a cheap purchase price compared to international standards.

In the more rural areas of Japan, though, public transport can be a bit slow or infrequent, so having a car in these cases is recommended. 

Is it worth learning Japanese?

Definitely, especially for the mutual respect this creates between expats and locals. There are many language schools in Japan with varying approaches and some useful phrasebooks and textbooks. In Tokyo, it's easy to get by without ever speaking Japanese, but if expats want to travel a bit further afield, they will need to go armed with at least a few basic phrases.

How do I get around Japan?

Trains, ranging from the Shinkansen (bullet train) to the underground, are Japan's most popular and quickest means of transport. The bus system is also highly reliable, comfortable and often cheaper. There are some fantastic deals on holiday airfares, although trains are usually cheaper.

Japan has a reputation for having an exorbitantly high cost of living, but it's important to remember that Japanese salaries are also lucrative. This makes it entirely possible to live a good life in Japan without breaking the bank. The average Japanese standard of living ranks among the best in the world.

The vast majority of Japan's expats live in Tokyo, Osaka or Nagoya. These are the three largest urban areas. Tokyo is by far the most expensive Japanese city, ranking 9th in Mercer's Cost of Living Survey for 2022. Osaka ranked 37th, while Yokohama and Nagoya ranked 50th and 51st respectively out of 227 expat destinations surveyed.

Cost of accommodation in Japan

The most significant expense an expat will have in Japan is accommodation. The housing market offers a wide range of options, from apartments in high-rise buildings to traditional Japanese houses.

In urban centres like Tokyo and Osaka, apartments are the most common housing type. They range from compact single-room units, often called studio apartments, to larger, multiple-bedroom options. Expats should keep in mind that space is a premium in these cities, and even smaller spaces can come with a hefty price tag.

On the outskirts and in less densely populated areas, expats may find detached houses, frequently featuring traditional Japanese architectural elements. Prices here can be more affordable. No matter the location or housing type, competition is fierce in the housing market, so it's advisable to start the housing hunt well in advance.

Cost of transport in Japan

While public transport in Japan is expensive compared to other Asian countries, its efficiency and convenience are unparalleled, making it the easiest way to navigate the country. Japan's train system is extensive, punctual and high quality, with the Shinkansen, or bullet train, connecting major cities at remarkable speeds. In urban areas, metro systems are the primary mode of transport, offering affordable and frequent service. Buses fill in the gaps and provide connectivity in areas not served by trains.

Most expats opt not to purchase a vehicle, as driving in bustling Japanese cities tends to be more hassle than it's worth, with steep costs associated with parking, tolls and fuel. Instead, bicycles are a popular choice for short-distance travel, providing a cost-effective and environmentally friendly alternative.

Cost of food and groceries in Japan

It's easy to find good deals on meals in Japan thanks to fierce competition between restaurants. Eating out can even work out cheaper than cooking at home if expats don't mind a frequent diet of noodles. It's also worthwhile to check out the basement floors of most department stores, where there are food courts selling goods at highly reasonable prices.

Japan is a haven for food enthusiasts, offering everything from sushi bars and traditional tea houses to international fast food and street stalls, catering to all tastes and budgets. The absence of a tipping culture in Japan can also make dining out more affordable than in other countries. Japan's convenience stores also offer a surprisingly diverse selection of affordable, ready-to-eat meals, making them a fantastic option for a quick cheap bite.

While vegetables and fruit might seem rather expensive initially, expats should remember that they are always top quality, fresh and usually locally grown. Seafood is relatively cheap, and most supermarkets offer evening discounts to get rid of that day's stock (fresh foods are rarely kept for sale the next day).

Cost of entertainment and nightlife in Japan

Japan's entertainment spectrum spans from traditional theatres and sumo matches to modern cinemas, nightclubs and amusement parks.  With careful planning, expats can access these affordably, using discounts or drink-inclusive cover charges.

Japan also hosts numerous cultural festivals throughout the year, which are often free. These events, featuring traditional music, dance and food, offer a cost-effective and unique opportunity to appreciate Japan's rich cultural heritage.

Izakayas, Japanese-style pubs, offer affordable options and are favoured by locals and expats alike. They regularly have nomihoudai (all-you-can-drink) and tabehoudai (all-you-can-eat) deals, which can be a cost-effective way to enjoy a night out.

Cost of education in Japan

Expats relocating to Japan with children will need to factor in the cost of schooling. Most foreigners send their children to international schools that follow a non-Japanese curriculum, typically that of the expat family's home country.

International school fees in Japan can be pricey, but these schools also usually have excellent facilities and teaching standards. Parents should also note that extra costs, such as uniforms, stationery and field trips, usually aren't included in the tuition fees, so parents will need to account for these as well.

Cost of healthcare in Japan

Japan has universal public healthcare. All Japanese citizens have public health insurance, while companies must often also provide additional insurance to their employees. This means that, for expats, healthcare costs can be relatively low. In some cases, private care and insurance are necessary, such as for expats staying in Japan for only a short term.

The standard of care in both public and private hospitals is high, as Japan's healthcare system is one of the best in the world. Researching the different public and private options available is still a good idea.

Cost of living in Japan chart

Note that prices may vary depending on the product and service provider. The list below shows the average prices for Tokyo in May 2023.

The Japanese banking system is one of the best and most reliable in the world. Expats banking in Japan have a variety of international and local banks to choose from. This makes opening an account an easy process. 

However, expats may be surprised to learn that Japan remains a largely cash-based society (although this is gradually changing). Most transactions are done in cash and credit cards are usually reserved for very large purchases. Luckily, it's quite safe to walk around with a considerable amount of cash, although the usual precautions should always be taken.

Currency in Japan

The local currency is the Japanese Yen, usually abbreviated to JPY or ¥.

The Japanese Yen is available in the following denominations:

• Notes: 1,000 JPY; 2,000 JPY; 5,000 JPY and 10,000 JPY

• Coins: 1 JPY, 5 JPY, 10 JPY, 50 JPY, 100 JPY and 500 JPY

Banking in Japan

Both local and international banks offer a range of services to expats in Japan, with the most prominent local banks being Mitsubishi UFJ Financial Group, Japan Post Bank, Mizuho Financial Group and Sumitomo Mitsui Financial Group, while international banks in Japan include CitiBank, HSBC and Barclays.

Opening a bank account

Expats can open a bank account quite easily at any of the local or international banks once they have their Zairyu Card (residence card). It may also be necessary for expats to bring along their passport and visa, but this depends on the bank.

It's highly recommended that expats get a hanko, an official stamp with their name in characters, before opening a bank account. In Japan, the hanko is the equivalent of a Western signature and it will make life much easier.

Not all banks have English-speaking staff or English service offerings, such as for online banking. Expats should shop around to find the best bank suited to their particular needs.

ATMs and credit cards

ATMs can be found easily, especially in big cities. However, if located outside of Tokyo, machines might not have English options so it's helpful to write down the important characters in order to be able to use the ATM.

As mentioned, Japan remains a largely cash-based society and credit cards are not a popular means of payment. Nevertheless, credit cards are accepted at most large hotels, restaurants and retailers.

Taxes in Japan

Expats will be required to pay two types of tax while in Japan – income tax, which is usually worked out as a percentage of one’s salary (ranging from five percent to the maximum 45 percent), and the annual resident tax, which depends on where an expat lives. The resident tax is worked out on an annual basis and is only applicable if living in Japan for longer than a year.

A person's tax residency status is determined by a number of factors, with tax residents liable for paying tax on their worldwide income and non-resident taxpayers only liable for tax on their income earned in Japan. It's a good idea to see a tax advisor on arrival in Japan, as the tax system is quite complicated and can change at short notice. There might also be a treaty between one’s home country and Japan which could affect the taxes payable.

Healthcare in Japan is both accessible and compulsory for expats who have a resident’s visa or a work permit. Expats are likely to fall under one of two public schemes – one for salaried workers and one covering the remaining population. In addition, expats also have the option of obtaining private health insurance in Japan. It's mandatory for expats with a visa exceeding three months (90 days) to be registered on a public insurance scheme. 

Accommodation in Japan is expensive, and follows a distinct trend: the larger the city, the fiercer the competition, and the smaller the living quarters. Finding appropriate accommodation in Japan can therefore be a bit of a challenge for newly arrived expats.

Types of accommodation in Japan

Apartments are common in Japanese cities and are where the majority of expats living in Japan reside. Older buildings with small apartments are known as apato. The buildings are normally not higher than two storeys and are made of wood or light steel, so the walls tend to be thin. Newer buildings with larger apartments are called mansions. These usually have more than two storeys and are made of more hardy materials such as concrete.

A popular option with expats in Japan is the gaijin house – shared accommodation in large houses. The set-up at these houses varies from house to house. Usually, they are inhabited by young expats looking to save money over the course of a short-term stay or while searching for something more permanent. In some gaijin houses, the rooms are mini flatlets with their own bathrooms, while in most others residents will have their own room but will share a kitchen, bathroom and living areas with the other inhabitants.

Finding accommodation in Japan

Finding accommodation in Japan can be a challenge for expats. Japan is a small, densely populated country. This has made the housing market competitive. Expats should do proper research before they arrive in the country. Knowing which city one will live in and which neighbourhoods or areas are appealing will make the search less overwhelming. Expats can use online property portals to get a feel for the housing market and set up a budget.

We recommend that expats looking for accommodation in Japan go through a real-estate agent. Many landlords are reluctant to rent to foreigners, so it's best to go this route rather than attempting to rent directly from a landlord. Agents also have the advantage of understanding the local language and knowing the local areas.

Available accommodation is also usually advertised in the local media. If viewing an apartment, it’s a good idea to take a trusted friend or colleague along who's able to speak Japanese, as most landlords are unlikely to speak English.

Generally, the closer housing is to the city centre and public transport, the more expensive it's likely to be. Newer housing is also normally pricier. 

Renting accommodation in Japan

Furnished vs unfurnished

Most rental properties in Japan are unfurnished. Unfurnished apartments rarely include appliances such as washing machines or fridges. Furnished accommodation varies widely and is more expensive than unfurnished.

Short lets

Since rental contracts in Japan are usually signed for two years and demand high fees, short-term lets are a good alternative for expats who are only in the country for a few months. Short-term rentals in Japan are typically furnished. There’s a wide market catering to expats with options ranging from shared houses to high-end serviced apartments.

The rental process

Most expats will research properties online and contact some local estate agents in Japan who will set up some viewings. Once a suitable property has been found, and an agreement has been made with the landlord, the estate agent will draw up the contact. Deposits and fees need to be paid before the start of the tenancy.

In order to rent accommodation in Japan, expats will require a guarantor, usually an employer. This person needs to vouch for the expat and take liability for any outstanding rent or fees.

Leases

A typical lease in Japan is signed for one or two years. A renewal fee may apply at the time of an agreement renewal. Rental contracts are normally prepared in Japanese. An English translation may be available, depending on the landlord, but expats should ask a Japanese friend or colleague to go over the contract with them.

Deposits

The upfront costs for renting in Japan are extremely high. Expats may need the equivalent of six months’ rent to get set up with an apartment. It’s standard practice to pay a real estate agent fee which is non-refundable and equal to one month’s rent. A security deposit (shikikin) is the equivalent of two or three months’ rent. Expats may also be expected to provide the landlord with a gift referred to as a reikin or key money, though this practice is becoming less widespread. Key money is non-refundable and typically equivalent one to two month’s rent, though it can be up to six months.

Utilities

In most cases, renters need to take care of their own utilities in Japan. However, there are cases where the landlord will arrange utilities and include it in the rental price. It’s therefore important to carefully read the rental contract to see what is included or not.

As an island nation, the former Empire of Japan depended on imported goods and products to drive its burgeoning industry. As a result, the country cultivated a thriving shipping sector that still provides a number of easy and efficient options for shipping goods to Japan.

With the exception of high-end luxury service apartments, most accommodation is unfurnished. For this reason, many employers include a shipping allowance in expat contracts. Don't be afraid to broach this topic when negotiating a contract, as shipping costs can quickly escalate if one is not careful.

Shipping household items to Japan

Generally speaking, household items are duty-free and tax-free, provided they aren't new. If shipping items to Japan, expats should make an inventory of the goods they will be sending across and bring at least two copies in their carry-on luggage.

Expats also have the option of buying furniture in Japan. There are plenty of stores dealing in interior decor and household furnishings. If not opposed to second-hand goods, new arrivals can benefit from large-scale 'sayonara sales' held by expats leaving the country, where it's possible to find nearly new items for far less than one would typically pay for them new. Look for listings on supermarket notice boards, Facebook or classified websites.

Another alternative to shipping to Japan or buying in Japan is the option to lease home furnishings.